American government Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 2

American government - Essay Example The ruling which opened the floodgates to unlimited corporate and union spending in elections was a major victory for the groups which wanted to participate in the campaign process but had been barred from doing so by the laws. On top of that the Supreme Court ruled that donors need not to be disclosed and so it will be no longer be possible to tell which interest groups are funding which politicians. I do not agree with the Supreme Court’s ruling on this matter. By allowing the groups to give their independent contributions in the campaigns then they will be acting to manipulate the will of the people as with such funding they will be able to impose the candidate that they want to be voted for against the other candidates. This cannot be protected as free speech on the above argued basis. The contributions the groups make towards the campaigns should be regulated and the names of the contributors should be made public so that they can shy off from such expedition. By concentrating on the super PAC Stephen Colbert wanted to raise unlimited sums of money from corporations, unions and other groups as well as wealthy individuals. He specified that the money raised would not only be used for political ads but also for normal administrative expenses which would include private jet travels, hotel stays, and PAC mementos from Saks Fifth Avenue and Neiman Marcus. In this way Colbert was able to raise $1.02 million in their January 2012 filing with the Federal Election Commission (FEC). The decision and the resulting Super PACs have the potential to increase one’s ability to influence elections. By having the money it means that the best strategies will be put into place and this will definitely have a positive impact on the results of the election. The increased amount of money drawn from outside sources will change the face of politics and the results as well. The groups funding the candidates will also have a say once the

Cultural Narcissism Essay Example for Free

Cultural Narcissism Essay Is then American culture breeding a society of narcissists fueled by the self-esteem movement that commenced in the 1970s? Is the current state of constant mainstream media coverage on overly exuberant celebrities flaunting their wealth, along with the ability of anyone to post their private lives on the internet for public viewing making narcissism the norm? Can narcissism as a personality disorder be applied dimensionally to an entire culture in a social psychology context? This paper will explore theories on cultural narcissism, the roots of narcissism dating back to the 16th and 17th centuries when the first individualism movement emerged, and how in recent history focus has again shifted on the individual with the dawn of the self-esteem movement of the 1970s, its resulting effect on current generations, and potential effect on future generations in the form of cultural narcissism. Is American Culture Breeding a Society of Narcissists? There is an assertion in cultural theory that the current cultural trend in America is fueling a narcissistic society, but that according to psychoanalytic theory, narcissism can only be applied to an individual as a diagnosed personality disorder that develops during childhood (Morales, 1995). Therefore, can narcissism be applied to define the state of an entire culture in in a social psychology context? In the DSM-IV-TR, narcissism is defined as a personality disorder consisting of a â€Å"pervasive pattern of grandiosity (in fantasy or behavior), need for admiration, and lack of empathy . . † with at least five criteria that must be met in order to be diagnosed with a narcissistic personality disorder; for example, having a â€Å"grandiose sense of self-importance,† a belief that one is â€Å"special,† possessing a â€Å"sense of entitlement,† a desire for â€Å"success, power, brilliance, beauty or ideal love,† and a desire to associate with onl y those who are of â€Å"high-status† in society (American Psychiatric Association, 2000, p. 294). However, the Narcissistic Personality Inventory (NPI) test developed by social psychologists, is used for broad spectrum dimensional assessment of the general population to measure narcissism in a social context and has been quite reliable in measuring narcissism in society (Foster amp; Campbell, 2007). To understand theories in the development of individual narcissism, Sigmund Freud in his 1914 essay ‘On Narcissism: an introduction’ (as cited in Crockatt, 2006, p. 5), proposes primary narcissism occurs in every child as a stage of development, thereby suggesting each and every person is prone to develop narcissism at that stage. Later, Heinz Kohut (1913 1981) proposed his own views on the etiology of narcissism and focused on development of the self in conjunction with the narcissistic self-object, and if a child’s narcissistic wishes are not treated with empathy by the self-object, narcissistic problems ensue (as cited in Meronen, 1999). Historically it is conceivable, according to Trzesniewski, Donnellan, amp; Robins (2008), that the root of cultural narcissism dates as far back as the 17th century at which time the individualism movement in Europe was born. Suggesting that the movement began earlier, Leeds (2004, p. 109), refers to essays written by Morris Croll (1921 amp; 1927) who emphasized that during the 16th century a â€Å"new movement† shifted the focus to â€Å"inner and individual life of men in contrast with the plausible and public forms of their social existence,† and that this earlier movement essentially took away from societal structured religious practice and redirected focus toward individual, internal, and self-experiences.

Book Report On Cover Up Essay -- essays research papers

Cover-Up The assassination of John Fitzgerald Kennedy Jr. was a very emotional time in our nation's history. This horrifying incident occurred on November 22, 1963, in a motorcade procession in Dallas, Texas. At 12:30 in the afternoon the procession was going down Elm Street in Dealy Plaza, when shots were fired. One struck President Kennedy in the throat and moments later a bullet tore apart his head. At 1:00 p.m., President JFK was pronounced dead. That same afternoon, Lee Harvey Oswald was arrested as a suspect of murder. Oswald however, pleaded his innocence by stating, " I'm just a patsy." This caused many suspicions and questions. Was he a lone assassin? Was he innocent? Was there a conspiracy against the president? These questions called for Lyndon B. Johnson, the new president, to form the Warren Commission specifically to investigate the assassination. It was named for the Chairman, and the Chief Justice of the United States, Earl Warren. This commission, after ten mon ths of investigation, presented their report to President Johnson. The 26 volumes of testimony and exhibits, " overwhelmingly supported the conclusions that the assassination was no conspiracy, but the work of one unhappy man, Lee Harvey Oswald." (New York Times) However many Americans continued to believe there was a conspiracy to assassinate President John F. Kennedy. The book Cover- Up, by Stewart Galanor, is a great description of the facts and fictions of the investigation. The shots the president received were both incredibly fatal. The first shot to the neck was seen to be an entrance wound, however this seems to be impossible if the assassin was behind him 6 floors up. However, like usual, the Warren Commission performed a test and proved the shot to indeed be an exit wound. The test was performed using a goatskin to show that entrance and exit wounds are similar in appearance, when they really are not. The Warren Commission stuck to their beliefs, although it was obviously a false idea. The fatal wound was also discussed and questioned. Many doctors thought there really was no fatal blast to the head, just a small exit wound. However, two Parkland doctors described the head wound to be extremely fatal. One doctor stated, "As I took position at the head of the table, I was in such a positi... ...ottom of the decade's greatest mystery. As for the Warren Commission, they were really doing the same thing, except they were just looking for the easiest way out, not the truth. They should have known that one day all of their hidden evidence would be found. And it was, which caused great distrust, by the majority of Americans, in their own leaders, their government. The people in this book who went on record showing a part of the "cover-up" are very brave people, and they should be the people who the world looks to for the truth in the investigation. The information in this book was very interesting and attention grabbing. It really focused on the evidence of a conspiracy or cover- up. This book really taught me that some people will do anything to satisfy themselves, no matter what they have to do to others. All the people directly involved in the investigation seemed to give up or take over something to keep things as simple and secretive as possible. Even though th e world still went on and there were more conflicts to deal with, I think the most plaguing question of the average American in this decade was, "Who killed JFK?"

Causes of the Boer War

There were significant political conflicts between the two sides. The Boers treated all blacks very badly and did not give basic human rights even to the blacks working for them. They made them pay taxes but could not vote. It was said to be through religious reasons that the Boers treated blacks so badly. This awful treatment infuriated the British, who had abolished slavery in all its colonies as well as at home in 1834. The Dutch wanted to keep its slaves. Europeans working in the Boer territories were also mistreated. These â€Å"Uitlanders† as they were known were key to the Boers' economic success, yet were still denied the vote. The war occurred also because of strategic reasons. The British had already seized Swaziland, Bechuanaland and Basutoland, which more or less surrounded the Boers who feared that if the British took any more territory, they could be under siege, particularly if their route to the sea was blocked. The British wanted to control all of Southern Africa, not just small areas which were isolated – the Boers were their main opponents. There were economic issues involved in the war. The Boers took control of the Transvaal and set up the Orange Free State. They found gold in the Transvaal and this area became very rich indeed. Later diamonds were found in this area as well, and there was argument between the British and Boers over in which nation's territory they lay. Certain individuals had a major role in provoking the war. Cecil Rhodes was probably the most ambitious of Britain's leaders abroad. He was a real imperialist, and strove to expand the British Empire further, especially through his dream of a â€Å"Cape Colony to Cairo† railway. He was strongly anti-Boer, and his actions seemed to shape British policy back at home. Also highly influential was Sir Alfred Milner, who was the British High Commissioner and was also strongly anti-Boer. He was supposed to be a peacemaker, but it were the demands he placed on the Boers which sparked the war, and he ended up looking more like a warmonger. Paul Kruger, President of the Transvaal and leader of the Boers, did not want to give in to the Uitlanders, since he feared he would lose his position if they were given the vote. It was he who had ordered the first attack against he British in 1881. The British were angered by the Boers first assault, but the Zulus' victory over the British led the arrogant Boers to believe that they could defeat them with ease. They were most ambitious, particularly after the absurd â€Å"Jameson Raid† where the British Dr. Jameson led only 500 men into the Transvaal. It was planned that the Uitlanders would join up and form an uprising to overpower and defeat Kruger and the Boers, however the raid was a failure and most of the British were killed or captured. The Boers did not accurately judge the British military.

Ir and Globalization

Ir and globalization CONENT: Introduction Body 1. What is Globalization and how it is related with the International Relations; 2. Advantages and Disadvantages of the Globalization; 3. Effectiveness of the Globalization Conclusion NTRODUCTION In my work I talk about the Globalization and its relation with the Globalization where I dwelled upon the Globalization. In the second part I did survey and focused on the advantages and disadvantages of globalization as the statistics show. After hammering out the two factors I wrote about de facto effectiveness of the Globalization and at the end I stated my estimation and conclusion.International Relation and Globalization As more nations, people, and cultures adapt to the ever changing international community, diplomats, politicians, and representatives must meet and deal with accordingly to the needs and wants of nations. Diplomacy can be exerted in many forms; through peace talks, written constitutions, field experiences, etc. Culture is a familiar term and remains unchanged by definition. However, globalization and international relations have constantly altered culture both positively and negatively.Globalization increases worldwide technology, and the readability of fast, effective communication and consumption of popular products. Globalization links cultures and international relations on a variety of levels; economics, politically, socially, etc. International relations have used globalization to reach its goal: of understanding cultures. International relations focus on how countries, people and organizations interact and globalization is making a profound effect on International relations. Understanding culture, globalization, and international relations is critical for the future of not nly governments, people, and businesses, but for the survival of the human race. In today’s increasingly interdependent and turbulent world, many of the leading issues in the news concern international affairs. Whethe r it is the continuing impact of globalization, Globalization – the process of continuing integration of the countries in the world – is strongly underway in all parts of the globe. It is a complex interconnection between capitalism and democracy, which involves positive and negative features, that both empowers and disempowers individuals and groups.From the other hand Globalization is a popular term used by governments, business, academic and a range of diverse non-governmental organizations. It also, however, signifies a new paradigm within world politics and economic relations. While national governments for many years dictated the international political and economic scene, international organizations such as the World Bank, International Monetary Fund and the World Trade Organization have now become significant role players. In this â€Å"Global Village† national governments have lost some of their importance and perhaps their powers in favour of these maj or international organizations.As a process of interaction and integration among people, companies and governments of different nations Globalization is a process driven by the International Trade and Investment and aided by Information technology. This process on the environment on culture, on political system, on economic development and prosperity, and on human physical well-being in societies around the world. Advantages and Disadvantages of Globalization Globalization has a range of advantages while it has also disadvantages. The Advantages include GDP Increase; statistics shows that GDP in developing countries has increased twice as much as before.Unemployment is reduced. Education has increased. Competition on Even Platform: The Companies all around the world are competing on a single global platform which allows better options o consumers. It increased fee trade between nations; The Corporations have greater flexibility to operate across borders. Global mass media ties the w orld together. Increased flow of communications allows vital information to be shared between individuals and corporations around the world. It increases in environmental protection in developed nations. Spread of democratic ideas to developed nations. Reduced cultural barriers ncreases in the global village effect. The Disadvantages are considered to be Uneven Distribution of Wealth, Income Gap Between Developed and Developing Countries, where the wealthof developed countries continues to grow twice as much as the developing world. Next disadvantage is Different Wage Standards for Developing Countries, which is explained by the following fat that the technology worker may get more value for his work in a developed country than a worker in a developing country thus there are in the later many dynamic, industrious and enterprising people who are well educated and ready to work with rigor.The reveal of Globalization is also considered as a disadvantage which is explaining by future fa ctors such as war that can be demand the reveal of the globalization and current process of globalization may just be impossible to reverse. There is also another aspect of disadvantage of globalization in media sphere. The threat that control of world media by a handful of corporations will limit cultural expression. And the final in my estimation is the chance of reactions for globalization being violent in an attempt to preserve cultural heritage.Effects of Globalization With the roster of the mentioned disadvantages and advantages Globalization culminates also effective facts. The following are considered the Effects of Globalization; * enhancement in the information flow between geographically remote locations * the global common market has a freedom of exchange of goods and capital * there is a broad access to a range of goods for consumers and companies * worldwide production markets emerge free circulation of people of different nations leads to social benefits * global envi ronmental problems like cross-boundary pollution, over fishing on oceans, climate changes are solved by discussions * more trans border data flow using communication satellites, the Internet, wireless telephones, etc. * international criminal courts and international justice movements are launched * the standards applied globally like patents, copyright laws and world trade agreements increase * corporate, national and sub-national borrowers have a better access to external finance * worldwide financial markets emerge multiculturalism spreads as there is individual access to cultural diversity. This diversity decreases due to hybridization or assimilation * international travel and tourism increases * worldwide sporting events like the Olympic Games and the FIFA World Cup are held * enhancement in worldwide fads and pop culture * local consumer products are exported to other countries * immigration between countries increases cross-cultural contacts grow and cultural diffusion takes place * there is an increase in the desire to use foreign ideas and products, adopt new practices and technologies and be a part of world culture * free trade zones are formed having less or no tariffs * due to development of containerization for ocean shipping, the transportation costs are reduced * subsidies for local businesses decrease * capital controls reduce or vanquish * there is supranational recognition of intellectual property restrictions, i. e. , patents authorized by one country are recognized in another CONCLUSIONIn conclusion I would like to state m estimation that despite all the formidable obstacles and stumbling blocks the effectiveness of the Globalization and cohesive efforts of people and the government will help to stand a positive stead prevail over the disadvantages. It will fortify to prevent migration which is inherent in third-world and back water countries and reduce social inequality which in its turn will benefit the advantages of the Globalization. A ll these mentioned facts are time-consuming and labour-intensive process but it will distinctly fortify and develop the Globalization. Ir and Globalization Ir and globalization CONENT: Introduction Body 1. What is Globalization and how it is related with the International Relations; 2. Advantages and Disadvantages of the Globalization; 3. Effectiveness of the Globalization Conclusion NTRODUCTION In my work I talk about the Globalization and its relation with the Globalization where I dwelled upon the Globalization. In the second part I did survey and focused on the advantages and disadvantages of globalization as the statistics show. After hammering out the two factors I wrote about de facto effectiveness of the Globalization and at the end I stated my estimation and conclusion.International Relation and Globalization As more nations, people, and cultures adapt to the ever changing international community, diplomats, politicians, and representatives must meet and deal with accordingly to the needs and wants of nations. Diplomacy can be exerted in many forms; through peace talks, written constitutions, field experiences, etc. Culture is a familiar term and remains unchanged by definition. However, globalization and international relations have constantly altered culture both positively and negatively.Globalization increases worldwide technology, and the readability of fast, effective communication and consumption of popular products. Globalization links cultures and international relations on a variety of levels; economics, politically, socially, etc. International relations have used globalization to reach its goal: of understanding cultures. International relations focus on how countries, people and organizations interact and globalization is making a profound effect on International relations. Understanding culture, globalization, and international relations is critical for the future of not nly governments, people, and businesses, but for the survival of the human race. In today’s increasingly interdependent and turbulent world, many of the leading issues in the news concern international affairs. Whethe r it is the continuing impact of globalization, Globalization – the process of continuing integration of the countries in the world – is strongly underway in all parts of the globe. It is a complex interconnection between capitalism and democracy, which involves positive and negative features, that both empowers and disempowers individuals and groups.From the other hand Globalization is a popular term used by governments, business, academic and a range of diverse non-governmental organizations. It also, however, signifies a new paradigm within world politics and economic relations. While national governments for many years dictated the international political and economic scene, international organizations such as the World Bank, International Monetary Fund and the World Trade Organization have now become significant role players. In this â€Å"Global Village† national governments have lost some of their importance and perhaps their powers in favour of these maj or international organizations.As a process of interaction and integration among people, companies and governments of different nations Globalization is a process driven by the International Trade and Investment and aided by Information technology. This process on the environment on culture, on political system, on economic development and prosperity, and on human physical well-being in societies around the world. Advantages and Disadvantages of Globalization Globalization has a range of advantages while it has also disadvantages. The Advantages include GDP Increase; statistics shows that GDP in developing countries has increased twice as much as before.Unemployment is reduced. Education has increased. Competition on Even Platform: The Companies all around the world are competing on a single global platform which allows better options o consumers. It increased fee trade between nations; The Corporations have greater flexibility to operate across borders. Global mass media ties the w orld together. Increased flow of communications allows vital information to be shared between individuals and corporations around the world. It increases in environmental protection in developed nations. Spread of democratic ideas to developed nations. Reduced cultural barriers ncreases in the global village effect. The Disadvantages are considered to be Uneven Distribution of Wealth, Income Gap Between Developed and Developing Countries, where the wealthof developed countries continues to grow twice as much as the developing world. Next disadvantage is Different Wage Standards for Developing Countries, which is explained by the following fat that the technology worker may get more value for his work in a developed country than a worker in a developing country thus there are in the later many dynamic, industrious and enterprising people who are well educated and ready to work with rigor.The reveal of Globalization is also considered as a disadvantage which is explaining by future fa ctors such as war that can be demand the reveal of the globalization and current process of globalization may just be impossible to reverse. There is also another aspect of disadvantage of globalization in media sphere. The threat that control of world media by a handful of corporations will limit cultural expression. And the final in my estimation is the chance of reactions for globalization being violent in an attempt to preserve cultural heritage.Effects of Globalization With the roster of the mentioned disadvantages and advantages Globalization culminates also effective facts. The following are considered the Effects of Globalization; * enhancement in the information flow between geographically remote locations * the global common market has a freedom of exchange of goods and capital * there is a broad access to a range of goods for consumers and companies * worldwide production markets emerge free circulation of people of different nations leads to social benefits * global envi ronmental problems like cross-boundary pollution, over fishing on oceans, climate changes are solved by discussions * more trans border data flow using communication satellites, the Internet, wireless telephones, etc. * international criminal courts and international justice movements are launched * the standards applied globally like patents, copyright laws and world trade agreements increase * corporate, national and sub-national borrowers have a better access to external finance * worldwide financial markets emerge multiculturalism spreads as there is individual access to cultural diversity. This diversity decreases due to hybridization or assimilation * international travel and tourism increases * worldwide sporting events like the Olympic Games and the FIFA World Cup are held * enhancement in worldwide fads and pop culture * local consumer products are exported to other countries * immigration between countries increases cross-cultural contacts grow and cultural diffusion takes place * there is an increase in the desire to use foreign ideas and products, adopt new practices and technologies and be a part of world culture * free trade zones are formed having less or no tariffs * due to development of containerization for ocean shipping, the transportation costs are reduced * subsidies for local businesses decrease * capital controls reduce or vanquish * there is supranational recognition of intellectual property restrictions, i. e. , patents authorized by one country are recognized in another CONCLUSIONIn conclusion I would like to state m estimation that despite all the formidable obstacles and stumbling blocks the effectiveness of the Globalization and cohesive efforts of people and the government will help to stand a positive stead prevail over the disadvantages. It will fortify to prevent migration which is inherent in third-world and back water countries and reduce social inequality which in its turn will benefit the advantages of the Globalization. A ll these mentioned facts are time-consuming and labour-intensive process but it will distinctly fortify and develop the Globalization.

Retail segment and communications management Essays

Retail segment and communications management Essays Retail segment and communications management Essay Retail segment and communications management Essay Introduction A major share of the contribution to the economy comes in from the retail segment. The entry of numerous domestic and global players in the industry makes it extremely challenging and customer oriented. The World Wide Web has paved the way to virtual stores, facilitating the easy comparison of selling prices and product specification. Cyber trade has seen plenty of aristocratic achievements due to advancement in technology. 1. Decision Making The aim is to establish a retail fashion and accessory store to target the student community in particular. The enormous costs hooked up to the inception of a physical store have lead to resolve that a virtual store is a better option. Firstly, a business plan is crucial to any new establishment. Then to be able to concentrate on business development ensure that there is sufficient monetary preparation to feed no less than the initial ten months. Launching a registered website is vital to going virtual. This will require a domain name, web host and an IP address. A shopping cart script and a payment gateway must be subsequently constituted. The victory of any cyber trade is highly influenced by the marketing tools chosen. The promotion techniques adopted will depend upon both internal and external market information. Decisions that influence the long term performance of any concern are Strategic in nature. They relate directly to its aims and objectives. The choice of a virtual store rather than a physical one is a strategic decision. Tactical decisions foster the strategic decision of the business. Strategies are generally in standing for a long period of time while tactics tend to be more volatile. Three generic strategies that pull off competitive advantage 1 . Cost leadership, be the cheapest, 2. Differentiation, eave a better product, 3. Focus, set your sights on convenience niche, as stated by Michael Porter. Elementary to the daily working of the business are the operational decisions taken. Decisions like how to service a client or when to re-order stock are operational in nature. Several options need to be contemplated before procuring the required workforce. Freelancers could be seen as an alternative as it does not involve any full time salary and benefits. The state agency caters to initial fund requirements along with financial assistances and advises. Therefore fresh entrepreneurs can ply for startup loans and avail their mentoring services as well. 2. Information and Decision Making Information conducive to business can be assembled through multifarious means. Like case analysis, focus group discussions, observations, reviews and surveys to name a few. These can be broadly divided into internal and external sources. Census figures, Judgments on court cases, national opinion polls, trade Journals, professional publications and the Internet are a few external sources, while production and sales statistics, company reports, sales invoices and accounting records are a few internal ascertaining the current and future plan of action. 3. Improvements in Selection and Analysis of Information Fundamental decision making was based on various internal and external sources of information. In order to make decisions regarding market segmentation, soot analysis, customer analysis, competitor analysis, risk analysis, product research, advertising, test Marketing and the like it is necessary to use Market research reports as they give an extremely comprehensive summary and analysis of the market. The support and back up catered by the government must be sought after at all initial stages of a new business. Ensure to frequent workshops, seminars and symposiums on new ventures to comprehend and stay up to date in business management. 4. List of Stake holders Stakeholder of a company means, an individual, group or organization that has interest or concern in that company. Stakeholders can affect or be affected by the actions of the business as a whole. Primary Stakeholders generally internal, take on economic transactions with the business. Stockholders, customers, suppliers, creditors, and employees for instance. Secondary Stakeholders although do not take on direct economic trade with the business can influence or be affected by its recordings. General public, communities, activist groups, business support groups, and the media for example. The company and its stakeholders have to stay in perpetual correlation to attain overall objectives. In retail trade product related decision making has to be made in accordance with customers to get a better understanding of their needs and wants. Likewise there will be many circumstances where decisions are taken with stakeholder participation. In case of any difference of opinion a cordial consensus has to be arrived at. 5. Methods to Develop Contacts with Stakeholders To elicit better understanding of company objectives and stakeholder desires it is essential to have a well designed two way communication system in place. It finally results in a healthy multidimensional flow of information with a high degree of transparency. Involving examples. 7. Strategy for Future Improvements Concentrate on developing favorable operational association. Prioritize on accepting the discrepancies instead of discarding them. Construct and encourage mutual performance Pay attention on administering internal stakeholder liaison. Review the communication system in practice at least quarterly. Conclusion Establishing a retail concern can be very demanding and complicating. The realms of decision making for the proprietor and founders stretch in all directions. These decisions will be based on the information gathered through the several internal and external sources. The company and its stakeholders have to constantly stay correlated in all important issues pertaining to the company. To establish and maintain any business successfully there has to be clarity in monetary and market apprehension and awareness. An effective blueprint and continuous effective administration will help keep away from risks and pave the way to success. PART II Communication is a fundamental, universal process. It is essentially the exchange and share of information, knowledge and ideas among people. Communication plays a vital role in the business organization. It is the life wire of the organization. It is the important essence for the drive to success. Communication done within the organization is internal communication while any form of contact with anyone outside the organization is external communication. External communication if more emphasized than internal communication. Subtle formal communication systems are applied. The vertical communication system, both top down and vice versa, are extremely inadequate. In a business the major setback is in maintaining proficient communication process. This generally results in poor communication. Blunders occur because orders are misunderstood. The fundamental trouble in communication is often because what is actually understood may is different from what was intended. This results in incomplete communication. 1 . Communication Process The organizational communication network and the types of communication are given below in a self explanatory diagrammatic representation. In todays corporate scenario a multidimensional system of communication is indispensable. The need for communication is to put across information and the need for information is to enable timely decision making. The flow of information has to reach the indented receiver in the intended manner. Fundamental tips too healthy workplace communication: 1. Be straightforward and unambiguous. 2. Listen to words as well as body language. 3. Let the speaker know you care about what is being communicated. 4. Opt for a face-to-face conversation in case of complicated information. 5. Be Respectful use names, look in the eye and nod. 6. Choose the right medium depending on the content and receiver. . Tailor the message according to the receiver boss, co-worker, customer or supplier require different styles. 8. Use testing when further explanation or repeated follow up is not required. E. G. , What time is the budget meeting? 9. Regardless of the discussion, try to keep it positive. Even an earsplitting feedback can and ought to be delivered in a positive, supportive, team-centric man ner. 10. Be navigable to improvements. Efficient communication is crucial to a companys development. Improving communication also includes integration of technology. This brings along the necessity for requisite training. Several businesses have realized efficiency and productivity through communication technology. It has affected is improved accessibility, flexibility and collaboration, which are vital components of communication. Technology will transform communication in many more ways. 3. Information and Knowledge In an organizations scope information refers to data, conceptual commitments and interpretations, while knowledge is the process of exercising the information to facilitate timely decision making. Hence it must be managed effectively. Knowledge has to be captured and acquired in order to be managed. Knowledge can be aggregated as structured, unstructured and critical. Bifurcation can also be tactic, explicit and implicit knowledge. Knowledge Management is a multi-disciplined approach towards accomplishing overall objectives through the optimum usage of knowledge. It involves capturing, preserving, transferring, disseminating and utilizing knowledge. Advances in information technology have made it easier to manage tools that can be used. Using information technology for knowledge management will require systematic knowledge management architecture. This should provide the organization with a framework that can use the central database to store customer tat and effectively utilize information and knowledge. This is a highly cognitive process. The organization in study, we come to understand from the case, does not encompass a modus operandi for storing and retrieving knowledge and information. The knowledge of the supervisor is not stored for the volunteers hence cannot be resourceful to the writer. It is evident from the case study that the organization doses not practice knowledge management strategies. A fresh and innovative strategy has to be inserted to exploit the available information resources. This will result in 40% raise in profitability. There will be enhanced data acquisition and data storage while complications in information recovery will become redundant. Technology will provide a contemporary management approach through an instant and rapid access to information. An idyllic strategy will merge multiple corporate databases into bigger, integrated, multidimensional knowledge bases that are constructed to sustain cutthroat intelligence. These centralized knowledge repositories force the optimization of information gathering, organizing, and retrieval. This strategy will comprise Knowledge enriching features with the aim to carry out flawless interoperability and information stream. This implementation will directly correlate with the bottom-line. Crisis management is yet another imperative function to be carried out by the organization in study. These organizations face issues that are not recurring in nature. This means the information handled belongs to a highly volatile breed. This calls for more speedy availability of dynamic information and strategic knowledge management. Implementing a healthy information and knowledge management: Step 1 identify the existing setbacks to implement a thriving system it should be aligned with overall objectives and current issues. Step 2 prepare for change this is not bare application of technology but also involves cultural change and requires backing from the corporate management. Step 3 create the team a befitting team with an efficient team head and cross departmental proficiency is necessary for the success of the new system. Step 4 perform the audit and analysis the information and knowledge audit will reflect what data is there? , what is needed? , what is missing? , how to acquire it? , and how to organize it?. Step 5- define the key features features in the new system have to be clearly stated. Features differ between organizations. However insurability, customizable and security are commonly preferred features. Step 6 build the blocks one by one use a phased approach that balances the existing system and implements the new features in an acceptable manner. Each phase should lay the foundation for the next phase in a subtle way. Step 7 link it to people its a known fact that even the foremost user-friendly systems can fail if they are not properly linked to the concerned people. Implementing an inclusive information and knowledge management system can be a taxing task; nevertheless, the outcome will be extraordinary. 4. Improving Access to Information and Knowledge The major objectives to improve access to information and knowledge in the organization are to: Ensure balanced access to information and knowledge. Endow employees with appropriate information and knowledge. Guarantee handy, comprehensible data. Foster knowledge and information proficiency of an individual. Elicit optimum system usage. Among suggested methods to achieve improved access are firstly, actuality an intranet into the system so as to facilitate the finest database practices and proficient directories. An intranet is an internal computer network of an organization that improves access to information and knowledge through streamlining its cascade. The subsequent method is sowing fresh cutting-edge knowledge and yielding it to precious harvest that is meaningful and capable of breakthrough performances leading to rapid and superior innovation. This dynamically managed and well mapped meta- knowledge is a significant aspect of the companys intellectual capital which directly correlates to its success. 5. Personal Plan for Effective Communication Personal and professional life progress to a very high degree is influenced by interpersonal skills. Effectively conveying and translating information, being able to interpret peoples emotions and being sensitive to them, calmly arriving at solutions to conflicts, avoiding gossip and being polite are all members of the interpersonal skill crew where listening is the captain. The volunteer supervisor needs to develop his interpersonal skills. The development program encompasses the following: Appreciate spot something positive about each co-worker let them hear it. Build dynamic listening demonstrate that the others point of view has been received in full. Be non verbal where you have to listen and communicate not Just words but also body language and moods. Bring people together Create an atmosphere that encourages everyone to work together. Resolve conflicts be an efficient mediator. See it from their side Empathic. Stay calm, poised and balanced. Dont complain else youll get a bad reputation. The volunteer supervisor ought to acquire the art of communication and allocation to create a healthy work environment. Conclusion The communication system of an organization is its backbone. The political activists organization in study needs to sharpen its internal communication system, as an analysis of the case gives an evident picture of the issues resulting from scanty communication practices. The voluminous nature of information handled by organizations calls for proficiency in its management. Information is not knowledge unless its value is dug out. This gives rise to an essential cognitive process called information and knowledge management the focus of which is to connect people, processes and technology to effectively use and manage the organizations intellectual capital at par with the physical assets of the company to achieve overall success.

Evolution and Darwinism essays

Evolution and Darwinism essays In The Origin of Species, Charles Darwin poetically entailed, "There is grandeur in this view of life . . .." Personifying Nature as the ultimate breeder, Darwin infers and hypothesizes what is arguably the most fundamental and profound scientific manifesto that governs what we now know about modern science and the science of discovering our past. His two theories of Natural Selection and Sexual Selection effectively bridge the gap that his predecessors could not. These concepts are imperative as their implications paved the way for Darwin's explanation of Evolution. The term "Survival of the Fittest" has been made synonymous with Darwinian ideology, yet to fully understand this idea we need to know what it truly means to be "fit." As discussed in class, being fit does not necessarily imply fitness on a physical or mental level. Rather, the principle entails how well-suited one is for its environment or a readiness for a species to adapt, whether to a new habitat or possibly changes in food, shelter, climate, etc. Through small, almost unnoticable change, over large periods of time, organisms develop physiological and/or anatomical features that invariably help the organism live or live easier. It is important to note that this does not infer that the process of adaptation takes place for the mere purpose of only "bettering" a species or self-improvement, rather modifications are a supplemental benefit. Darwin stated that, "if they be in any degree profitable to the individuals of a species, in their indefinitely complex relations to the organic beings and to their physical conditions of life, will tend to the preservation of such individuals . . .." In some cases this modification can be a detriment to a species. Take for example a species of like-moths in England preceding and during the Industrial Revolution. Before the manufacture of goods in large quantities, two types of moths, white and gray would rest on the ...

Make an Inference Practice Questions

Make an Inference Practice Questions Want to master your reading comprehension? Practicing your inference skills is a great place to start, but if you are unsure how to make an inference at all (or what one even is), you might want to start with the  basics of inference  which will give you all of the  details that you need. If you are ready to go, go ahead and get started with these easy inference practice questions to hone your reading skills. The following inference questions provide a basic assessment of your comprehension of the skill. Printable PDFs: Inference Practice Questions 1 | Answers to Inference Practice Questions 1 Inference Practice Questions 1 Using your best inference strategies, make an inference about the following statements. The first two are done for you. I wouldnt eat after that two-year-old if I were you.Inference: The two-year-old probably did something gross to the food you were about to eat or has a cold and you could catch it. Something bad will happen to you if you eat  the food.  For Valentine’s Day, my fantastic neighbor gave his wife a poem that took him about two seconds to write. Sheesh.Inference: My neighbor is not very considerate since he didnt take his time writing the poem.A man ran after a retreating bus, waving his briefcase frantically.Inference:If she died, I wouldn’t go to her funeral.Inference:Jake almost wished that he hadn’t listened to the radio. He went to the closet and grabbed his umbrella even though he would feel silly carrying it to the bus stop on such a sunny morning.Inference:Hey! What happened to all the school construction money taken from the taxpayers? It paid for this toilet the money was flushed down.Inference:As you give a speech in front of a large audience, you reali ze that people are laughing behind their hands and pointing to the region below your waist.Inference: No, Honey, I don’t want you to spend a lot of money on my birthday present. Just having you for a husband is the only gift I need. In fact, I’ll just drive my old rusty bucket of bolts down to the mall and buy myself a little present. And if the poor old car doesnt break down, I’ll be back soon.Inference:A woman walks into a hospital clutching her abdomen and yelling at  her husband, who trails behind her carrying a large bag.Inference:Youre driving on the highway, listening to the radio, and a police officer pulls you over.Inference: Inference Practice 1 Suggested Answers 3. A man ran after a retreating bus, waving his briefcase frantically. Inference:  The man had to take that bus to work and he was running late. He wanted the bus driver to stop the bus so he could get on it. 4. If she died, I wouldn’t go to her funeral. Inference:  Im extremely angry with this woman for some major  reason,  because one of the worst things a person could do is to hate someone after they have passed away. 5. Jake almost wished that he hadn’t listened to the radio. He went to the closet and grabbed his umbrella even though he would feel silly carrying it to the bus stop on such a sunny morning. Inference:  Jake heard that it was going to rain later in the day. 6. Hey! What happened to all the school construction money taken from the taxpayers? It paid for this toilet the money was flushed down. Inference:  The school district is wasting tax payers money. 7. As you give a speech in front of a large audience, you realize that people are laughing behind their hands and pointing to the region below your waist. Inference:  You forgot to zip up your fly or you have something on your pants. 8. No, Honey, I don’t want you to spend a lot of money on my birthday present. Just having you for a husband is the only gift I need. In fact, I’ll just drive my old rusty bucket of bolts down to the mall and buy myself a little present. And if the poor old car doesnt break down, I’ll be back soon. Inference:  The wife wants the husband to buy her a new car for her birthday. 9. A woman walks into a hospital clutching her abdomen and cursing out her husband, who trails behind her carrying a large bag. Inference:  The woman is in labor. 10. Youre driving on the highway, listening to the radio, and a police officer pulls you over. Inference:  Youve broken the law in some way while driving.

OUTLINE ON THE JAPANESE PEOPLE Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

OUTLINE ON THE JAPANESE PEOPLE - Assignment Example Most of the workforce in Japan, which numbered 65.1 million as of 2010, consists of 70% working in services, 26% working in industry, and 4% working in agriculture (United States Department of State, 2011). Less than 15% of the land is arable, and farming is fiercely protected and subsidized, though not enough to make it a full-time occupation (United States Department of State, 2011). 42% of the workforce consists of women, and while labor unions are prevalent throughout the country, representing about 10 million workers as of 2007, their main focus is on those with full-time employment, leaving others such as those who work from home without representation (United States Department of State, 2011). Since it would be impossible to delve into all the specific facets of Japanese life and culture, five elements have been chosen for representation. These include the Japanese language, Japanese art, marriage and family as they relate to Japanese society, and the religions of the Japanese . It is hoped that through careful research insight may be gained into these parts of the Japanese culture. III. Statement of purpose, introducing your focus group The purpose of this focus group was to gather information on the country of Japan and its people, specifically the facets of the Japanese language, art, marriage, family, and religion. Working together and individually, these aspects were researched to the best of our ability through the use of books and internet sources. Dictionary use was also prevalent, as the definition of the five areas were a vital and integral part of basic information, before finding out how the culture of Japan viewed them. IV. Discussion It is known that Japan has a culture with a high work ethic and mainstream language, and it is expected that research will support this. Since Japan is a small country with no viable means of expansion, as it is surrounded on all sides by water, the focus group expects to find information about how the people li ve in multigenerational homes, as well as how the educational system is geared towards helping Japanese children find their place in their country while taking care of their elders. Further research should reveal how marriages are handled in the country as well as how family and family planning fit in with the life plans of those wishing to raise any children. A curious point of discussion may be how life has changed in Japan since World War II due to their participation on the side that was not victorious. V. Five Main Elements of Japanese Culture 1. Language – The words, their pronunciation, and the methods of combining them used and understood by a community (Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary). Japan is mainly divided into two subcultural regions, Eastern and Western, with language being a very minor element of all of the differences found between the two (Sugimoto, 2010). The Japanese have one main language, but distinctions in dialect. These dialects are so great that a person outside of one prefecture (area) of Japan may have trouble distinguishing the dialect of another (Sugimoto, 2010). The language of residents in the upper-class neighborhoods of Tokyo is regarded as â€Å"

The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 3

The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock - Essay Example This song has a speaker just like any other literature. Prufrock is the speaker who effectively addresses a potential lover. He would force the moment to its crisis by hurriedly consummating their relationship, â€Å"Let us go then, ......... Like a patient etherized ......................; The muttering retreats .......................," (Eliot 1). He then eavesdrops what people are saying about him and changes his decision and heart. This makes him to coward back and also reminds him of so much knowledge he has in life and not to "dare," (Eliot 40) mess it up. J. Alfred Prufrock love song is an anguish of an urban or modern man, stroke with a mixture of feelings. These feelings are the ones that best give the tone of the entire song. The tone of the song is loving and desperate at some point. The song is a mixture of emotions. The loving emotion is shown when Prufrock says," Let us go then, you and I" (Eliot 1). This tone is vivid throughout the song and helps bring out the speakers characteristic of being loving. The tone of despair also comes out very strongly. Especially when the speaker realizes that he might lose something that he has been holding on for some good time in memorial. When he says, â€Å"And indeed there will be time to wonder, "Do I dare?" and, "Do I dare?" .Time to turn back and descend the stair, with a bald spot in the middle of my hair† (Eliot 4). The tone also helps in bringing out the speaker’s character that is not expressly brought out in the song.                              This love song is a literary drama that contains the dramatic monolog . This is brought out by the specific utterances of a specific individual, not within the song at a specific moment in time. This is shown by, [They will say: "How his hair is growing thin!"] and [They will say: "But how his arms and legs are thin!"], (Eliot 4). These monologue utterances are also directed to the

Research Question Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Question - Research Paper Example The user can make the computer more fault tolerant by a way of thinking how the computer or the devices of the network may seems to fail as well as, taking the required steps so that the faults can be prevented whenever they occur (Qian, 2008 p 101). For this case, the steps to be followed when improving the network’s fault tolerance include. The user should by all the time have his or her computer or the networks running on the Uninterruptible Power Supply (UPS). UPS provides the backup power source when there is a power outage (blackout), or a power surge. UPS provides additional time for the computer to shut down by providing the power to the computer from where it was stored. However, the user should also have the system messages that are sent to every network so as to let the administrators know when the power goes off or when computer shut down because of the failure of the power. If there is no UPS which is connected on the computer or the UPS fails to provide the surge fortification, the surge protector may be connected to the network devices or the computer so as to help prevent those devices from failing during the power surge (Briggs, 2009, p 13). The user should all the time run backups on the computer. Running of the backups may be done daily or at least every month if only the relevant information is stored in them. The user should make sure that he/she creates a mirror of data on the alternate location. When the computer devices are connected to the network, the user should make sure that the firewall are set up. A firewall is normally the software utility that can limit the accessing of the network on the computer by blocking or restricting the ports. Firewalls are extremely significant since it helps preventing un-authorized members from accessing to the company network or a network which is at home.

Poem Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 3

Poem - Essay Example Dickinson’s use of symbolism and personification in describing her journey, or rather, her encounter with death helps bring out her point of view. Dickinson’s use of symbolism shows during the drive in the chariot which symbolizes her journey from the living to the dead. She passes from childhood (â€Å"We passed the school, where Children strove†) to maturity (â€Å"We passed the Fields of Gazing Grain†) then to her time of dying (â€Å"We passed the Setting Sun†) then eventually to her grave (â€Å"A Swelling of the Ground†). Notably, there is the repetition of the word â€Å"passed† which brings out the theme of symbolism. In stanzas three and four, Dickinson uses the word four times as the carriage symbolically moves down the path of life from the children and the grain, which are both living to the time of transition, or death, the setting sun. From this point onwards, the time stops, and it is the sun that passes them. This shows that they passed out of time of the living into the time of eternity where only time can pass them. The transition starts as when the sun sets, and ever ything becomes dark thus welcoming the damp and cold of the night (â€Å"dew drew quivering and chill.†) The use of personification in the poem occurs in two instances as Dickinson takes us through the drive with death. First, she personifies Death itself into a gentleman caller because she refers to him as a ‘he,’ in stanzas 1 and 2 while the rest of the stanzas she uses ‘we’ to show that two people are together. She also uses capital D when mentioning Death thus stressing the fact that Death is a name of a gentleman, and all names of people begin with a capital letter. Secondly, Dickinson personifies the setting sun when she refers to it as a ‘he’ when she says â€Å"Or rather He passed Us.† In this case, she acknowledges the capability of the sun as a point of transition. In the

Characteristics of Effective Nurse Leaders Essay

Characteristics of Effective Nurse Leaders - Essay Example They assist and support frontline nurses in the clinical setting. Among the qualities of an exemplary nurse leader possesses include a passion for nursing, optimistic, can form personal connections with the general staff, has an excellent mentorship skill, a role model and has the ability in crisis management based on a set of moral principles. An exceptional nurse leader is passionate in conducting his or her duties and optimistic about the ability of the nurses under their charge. They entrust the nurses under their charge with circumstances that arise however complicated it can be, under their close supervision and are ready to give a hand. Leaders possess excellent communication and interpersonal relationship skills enhancing their interaction with their nursing coworkers; this enables them to understand and share openly and freely with the nurses under their charge. The nurse leader has a strong ability, superior knowledge, and expertise in crisis management. They are very tranquil in all situations and are good decision makers. Efficient and reliable leadership can promote and satisfy productive work in any professional field. In the nursing profession, nurses needs to work in an active environment defined by peace and goodwill. The most useful characteristics of a quality nurse leader include passion, teamwork, integrity, and ability to manage crises. Passion entails strong sense of enthusiasm towards a given task. Passion compels the feeling of love towards the nursing profession. An exemplary nurse displays passion during times of turbulence. A passionate nurse would accommodate the distress that relates with the profession. It is notable that nurses who have no passion would quit once the profession demands more services from them. Passionate nurses have good relations with colleagues and workmates. They have the potential of ensuring the wellbeing of workmates and the patients as aforementioned. Such archetypal nurses develop a working

Poem Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 3

Poem - Essay Example Dickinson’s use of symbolism and personification in describing her journey, or rather, her encounter with death helps bring out her point of view. Dickinson’s use of symbolism shows during the drive in the chariot which symbolizes her journey from the living to the dead. She passes from childhood (â€Å"We passed the school, where Children strove†) to maturity (â€Å"We passed the Fields of Gazing Grain†) then to her time of dying (â€Å"We passed the Setting Sun†) then eventually to her grave (â€Å"A Swelling of the Ground†). Notably, there is the repetition of the word â€Å"passed† which brings out the theme of symbolism. In stanzas three and four, Dickinson uses the word four times as the carriage symbolically moves down the path of life from the children and the grain, which are both living to the time of transition, or death, the setting sun. From this point onwards, the time stops, and it is the sun that passes them. This shows that they passed out of time of the living into the time of eternity where only time can pass them. The transition starts as when the sun sets, and ever ything becomes dark thus welcoming the damp and cold of the night (â€Å"dew drew quivering and chill.†) The use of personification in the poem occurs in two instances as Dickinson takes us through the drive with death. First, she personifies Death itself into a gentleman caller because she refers to him as a ‘he,’ in stanzas 1 and 2 while the rest of the stanzas she uses ‘we’ to show that two people are together. She also uses capital D when mentioning Death thus stressing the fact that Death is a name of a gentleman, and all names of people begin with a capital letter. Secondly, Dickinson personifies the setting sun when she refers to it as a ‘he’ when she says â€Å"Or rather He passed Us.† In this case, she acknowledges the capability of the sun as a point of transition. In the

Wicca Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Wicca - Research Paper Example Nevertheless, an in-depth look into the nature of Wicca somehow dispels most of the previous negative concepts associated with it. Far from its reputation of destructiveness, Wicca is actually a religion of natural healing and deep spirituality. Due to the absence of higher authority, prophet or Bible in Wicca, it is difficult to specify the basic tenets and principles of the religion. Nevertheless, there remain 13 principles upon which Wiccan belief is based. First, Wiccans feel the need to attune themselves to nature or the â€Å"natural rhythm of life forces† (Robinson, 2010). These forces are usually determined by the movement of the moon. Second, Wiccans recognize the fact that they are stewards of nature and that this responsibility stems from their own intelligence and consciousness. Third, Wiccans believe in the possibility of achieving supernatural power, but would most likely believe that non-Wiccans cannot possess the same thing. Fourth, Wiccans recognize the creati ve power of sex as well as the role of the masculine and feminine polarities in achieving creative power. Fifth, Wiccans recognize the dualistic existence of a world which is both physical and psychological or spiritual. Nevertheless, unlike other religions which focus their attention on the latter, Wicca presupposes the equal purpose of both worlds. Sixth, Wiccans do not recognize any leader or hierarchy of leadership but only those who have shared their wisdom with others. Seventh, Wiccans recognize the unity among religion, magic and wisdom – and they consider this particular worldview as Witchcraft or the Wiccan Way. Eighth, Wiccans recognize that the title â€Å"Witch,† when ascribed to oneself, does not in any way have a negative connotation. Instead, a â€Å"witch† means someone who â€Å"[seeks] to control the forces within himself† in order for him â€Å"to live wisely and without harm to others and in harmony with nature† (Robinson, 2010) . Ninth, Wiccans regard life as a journey towards the continuous development of consciousness. As one’s consciousness develops, his knowledge of the universe also expands. Tenth, Wiccans feel a particular â€Å"animosity† towards Christianity and all other religions that declare themselves to be â€Å"the only way,† for this is tantamount to denying freedom to many other ways of achieving spiritual development. Eleventh, Wiccans basically do not want to dig deep into history and would consider themselves different from the wicked witches of the old. Twelfth, Wicca does not accept the idea of absolute evil but this does not mean that they recognize Satan or the Devil. Wiccans also do not rejoice in the suffering of others and do not advocate greed. Thirteenth and last, Wiccans believe that the secrets to good health and well-being lie within Nature (Robinson, 2010). In addition to the above 13 principles, Wiccans also believe that God, â€Å"The One† or â €Å"The All† is the one force that has created this universe and is still constantly creating it. God for the Wiccans is both male and female, and would regard the various Gods and Goddesses as mere aspects of â€Å"The All,† However, as Wicca is a decentralized religion with no clear higher authority, some Wiccans are pantheists, others are atheists, while some remain as agnostics (Robinson, 2010). Moreover, the Wiccan version of the Golden Rule is â€Å"Do what you want, as long as you harm none† (Cunningham, 2005). Harming none, however, means both not harming others and not harming oneself. Therefore, if one abuses his body and denies it the necessities of life or gives it too much pleasure, then one violates this moral principle (Cunningham, 2005

King Richard III by William Shakespeare Essay Example for Free

King Richard III by William Shakespeare Essay T he plays depict the collapse of English control over parts of France and the bitter and fierce internal struggles between the Houses of Lancaster and York in the fight to gain the crown of England. King Richard III is regarded (Hume 202) as a piece of prop aganda support ing the Tudor monarchs who succeeded Richard after he was killed in battle . This essay examine s how the theme of conscience is evidenced in Shakespeare’s play, and how the issues addressed are reflected in my daily life. (100 words) One prominent theme in the drama is the theme of conscience. Throughout the drama, Richard,  Duke of Gloucester, murders and betrays to gain the English crown. His conscience , however, is evident. In Act I scene iii, Margaret, an exiled former queen , has a special curse for Richard , who kille d her husband and her son (lines 224 9) : The worm of conscience still begnaw thy soul. Thy friends suspect for traitors while thou liv’st, And take deep traitors for thy dearest friends. No sleep close up that deadly eye of thine, Unless it be while some tormenting dream Affrights thee with a hell of ugly devils. Most of Margaret’s curses are fulfilled during the play. Richard struggles  with his heavy conscience. In Act IV scene I Lady An ne , his wife is distressed to learn that she is to be crowned his queen, and speaks of her unhappiness and his guilty conscience: For never yet one hour in his bed Have I enjoyd the golden dew of sleep, But have been waked by his timorous dreams. Spec tacularly, in the scene before the battle at Bosworth, King Richard is visited by the ghosts of h i s victims . His soliloquy in Act V scene iii suggests that he is overcome by a ‘coward conscience’ (lines 191 6) : O coward conscience, how dost thou afflict me! The lights burn blue. It is now dead midnight. Cold fearful drops stand on my trembling flesh. 2 The theme is developed . Co nscience can be a manipulative tool used by cowards , Richard declares: Let not our babbling dreams affright our souls: Conscience is but a word that cowards use, Devised at first to keep the strong in awe: Our strong arms be our conscience, swords our law. I shall now consider how conscience relates to my daily life. It has often been remarked (e. g. G ui 203; Palfreyman 80) that Richard’s assertiveness, his strength and determination command a respect of their own, his crimes aside. Every day, I read in the papers that someone has exercised ruthless power over other people in some way, and so made ‘swords [their] law’ to wi n a contest, whether it be in the form of school bullying, or rise to political power as in this play. I am still unclear as to how far we should assert ourselves to gain things that we want at others’ expense like this. It frightens me that I can understa nd such tyrants and see them as essentially very human. Such things are an integral part of life and ourselves and will never go away. I believe, though, that  there is such a thing as conscience, yet whether it is only something we have been taught is har d to establish. It is possible to see Shakespeare’s play as an elaborate wish fulfillment or fantasy, therefore. In sum, Shakespeare directs us to focus , non simplistically, on tyranny and ruthlessness in our midst. In a sense , the portrayal of Richard as a man with a conscience and, at the same time, with astute manipulative powers gives the drama unresolved humanistic problems. We may need to ask ourselves how far we can go to attain our ends while still sleeping at night.

Communicating With The Mentally Challenged Education Essay

Communicating With The Mentally Challenged Education Essay The purpose is to make people aware that although you try to be politically correct when communicating with the mentally challenged, mild through server, there is a definite communication channel to use. My purpose is, since I do foster care and have been given a child that is severely challenged, was to learn as much as possible as how the learning habits of the child and the best or different ways to communicate to the child knowing the child will always be challenged. For the purpose of this paper I will refer to the child as he (although it could well be a she) and since Sonic the hedge hog seems to be a favorite between both sexes, the name of the child, in order to protect the childs identity will be referred to as Sonic. Thesis statement All children must mature and the responsibility to develop all children falls upon each of us to raise the child up and yet when it comes to the mentally challenged child there must be different channels of communication between the adult and that child. These conduits allows the adult to take into account the intelligence of the child, and reach the child on their level, even if it means going down to their level. The adult talk must reflect the childs level of understanding. If more people do not take a more active interest in the life of the mentally retarded then we will not have any place to go except in an institutional living and that is not fair because we are Gods creatures. Anonymous Introduction Communicating with the mentally challenged is not only a challenge to the mentally challenged, but the adult as well. Each situation must be understood before continuing in educating the child to become a productive part of society, if that is possible. Looking at the definition of mentally challenged and to what degree the child is challenged, from borderline cases to highly severe, and a true treatment plan can be formulated to mold the child to usefulness even if that usefulness is nothing more then getting oneself to the bathroom. The mentally challenge will grow and mature the question is how much? For mentally challenged kids and adults, some things can never be learned. (Emma, 2007) Defining Mentally Challenged Mentally challenged primary depends on the I.Q. of the child along with one or more of the many psychological tests available to measure the intelligence or mental functioning of the child. Therefore, when the mental age is divided by the chronological age and multiplied by a hundred, what you get is the Intelligence Quotient or the I.Q. (De la Jara, 2007) An I.Q. above 140 is the sign of a genius. An average to very intelligent child would score of 100 120 and a dull child would score 80 90. Those children classified below 85 are classified even further. An IQ of 84-70 is considered borderline mentally challenged, while those 55-69 are mild cases and consider educable. 40-54 are Moderate cases but trainable, 25-39 are severely deficient and any IQ below 24 is classified as highly severe. Mental age refers to an age at a normal level of performance on an intelligence test, and it became a popular way of referring to mental level as measured by the Binet Simon scale of 1908. The Binet Simon scale identified the academic skills typical of specific age groups. In 1912, William Stern used chronological age as a denominator to be divided into mental age, resulting in an intelligence quotient. In 1916, Lewis Terman multiplied this intelligence quotient by 100 (to eliminate the decimal places) and called the result an IQ score. Termans formula of mental age divided by chronological age multiplied by 100 became popularized as the formula for calculating a persons IQ. Adult intelligence does not change from year to year so the concept of mental age is less meaningful when discussing adults. Contemporary IQ tests use cumulative indexes to determine scores rather than the calculation of IQ scores based upon Termans formula. A contemporary equivalent of mental age is the Standa rd Age Score of the Stanford-Binet IQ test, which was formulated in 1987. Overview of mentally challenged Although there is no hard evidence, one of the strongest factors of the mental deficiency is hereditary. Besides this there are a number of environmental factors that contribute to mental arrest, malnutrition or infection during pregnancy or even an excessive intake of drugs and RH incompatibility whatever the cause, if the handicap is very severe, the entire development of the child gets affected physical, social and emotional along with mental. Some of these children cannot perform the simplest of tasks that we all seem to take for granted. Simple things like walking straight, eating or toilet training. A great amount of patience and tolerance is required to supervise and handle such a child. Mental retardation occurs in 2.5-3% of the general population. About 6-7.5 million mentally retarded individuals live in the United States alone. Mental retardation begins in childhood or adolescence before the age of 18. In most cases, it persists throughout adulthood. Mentally retarded children reach developmental milestones such as walking and talking much later than the general population. Approximately 85% of the mentally retarded population is in the mildly retarded category and they can often acquire academic skills up to the 6th grade level, become self-sufficient, and in some cases live independently, with community and social support. Low IQ scores and limitations in adaptive skills are the hallmarks of mental retardation. Aggression, self-in-jury, and mood disorders are sometimes associated with the disability. The severity of the symptoms and the age at which they first appear depend on the cause. Children who are mentally retarded reach developmental milestones significantly later than expected, if at all. If retardation is caused by chromosomal or other genetic disorders, it is often apparent from infancy. If retardation is caused by childhood illnesses or injuries, learning and adaptive skills that were once easy may suddenly become difficult or impossible to master. The most noticeable emotional characteristics children with mental retardation often recognize that they have difficulties with tasks that others find easy. This realization can lead to frustration, anger and depression. Some children with mental retardation may suffer from anxiety. These children may act out due to these emotions. They may have trouble expressing their feelings and may show their feelings in ways such as refusing to eat or sleeping too much. Sonic, the foster child living with me, will be calm and act like a five year old one moment, and then if you ask something of sonic, major mood change to the point of aggression. How to understand the mentally challenged Anyone who has toiled with the mentally challenged people knows, many will tell you exactly what is on their mind. When something does not go Sonics way, he will tell you and if you persist, he will tell you she will kill you, and hates you. Understanding that this is typical in a mentally challenged you let it roll off you and just stay close enough to make sure that sonic does not hurt herself. The mentally challenged know their likes and dislikes, what is going on in their lives, and even some idea of what they want their future to be. When the mentally challenged are treated as subhuman, as children, or as a menace to society, it follows that we become the ones to decide what is best for them, and what kind of life they should lead, we instead should remind ourselves that they are Gods creatures. They need to be treated as serious human beings with important things to communicate. (McLean, Brady, Mclean, Behrens, 1999) Understanding their language is likely to be much better than the ability to express it. Speech maybe very poorly articulated and difficult to understand One of the critical aspects in forming a communication is one that emphasizes skill actualization, where teachers give the mentally challenged many opportunities to use and expand on their already developed skills. Skill actualization goals are represented in the individual education plan (IEP) such as the child will use whatever skill is already developed and continue to expand to the point where the child will reach the next goal. In Sonics case, the IEP has included counting skills up to 20, understanding the valued of money, and doing simple life skills. Steps in Creating Communication The first step to communicating with a mentally challenged person is to understand the way they communicate. Mirror there patterns keeping in mind get on their level but do not be on their level. Match the way they see the world, not as a child but as a learning style. Most are visual learns where they learn in pictures, using word like see and look. Visual learners prefer to use diagrams, pictures, study notes, handouts and movies to see the information they are learning. Sometimes the mentally challenged are audio learns where they may not even look at you but put more stock into the spoken word and the voice inflection. This is a fine line where the teacher must be very calm and sure of each word other wise you could miscommunication and all the building process is for naught. The mentally challenged needs to be heard and we must allow them to hear us. The final learning style is kinesthetic learners also called tactile learners need to feel it to learn best. The more the learning experience involves moving, touching, tasting and feeling, the more it will be absorbed by this type of learner. Projects and experiments also work well with this group. Young children learn thins way by reaching out to something and feeling it, touching it, and breaking it. (OK I had to put that in) The real art is to combine learning styles to fit the child. Sonic uses Visual about 80% and verbal about 15% and kinesthetic the remaining 5%. If you show her something, she will remember and get the message quickly, by adding the verbal component he will recall the instruction the next day, demonstrating, giving verbal instruction then transferring ownership of a task, builds his self-confidence. There are small tasks she can do the give him pride in doing well, such as showing which day on the med chart we are on and then picking the proper cup to take. The second step is to incorporate the communication skills in both the education setting as well as the extra curricula activities. Opportunities exist almost constancy or as it is called teachable moments. The hardest part as a teacher is to keep on top of the moments one can take advantage of and then take advantage of them. At home with sonic, it becomes a one on one the moment Sonic comes home from school until bedtime and in turn allows many more recognizable and controlled setting. The third step is to facilitate conversation and keep them engaged as much as possible. The issue here must be keeping it simple. In studies, (McLean, Brady, Mclean, Behrens, 1999) simple yes or no question got the most response from the mentally challenged. Asking completed questions creates confusion and frustration, and can actually cause the person to regress rather then moving forward. Using the KISS (keep it simple) method more ground can be make rather creating an antagonistic climate. How to communicate with the Mentally Challenged 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Maintain a calm, low volume. Speaking louder does not make you more understandable. 2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   When determining age-appropriateness of your words, remember that you must know the mental age of your listener, not his or her calendar age. Remember, they are just mentally challenged, not a person with a limited vocabulary, such as a five-year-old. 3.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Do not cover or hide your mouth because listeners will want to watch you as you pronounce your words. This helps them figure out what you are saying in many cases. 4.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Do not mimic how the mentally challenged speaker pronounces words in a misguided presumption that he or she will understand if you speak like he or she does. This does not make you easier to understand. It will confuse your listener and may give the wrong impression about your sensitivity to his or her handicap. 5.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Avoid running words together. For example, do not say, Do-ya wanna eat-a pizza? One of the biggest challenges for listeners knows where one word ends and the next one begins. Give them a small pause between words if they seem to be struggling. 6.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   When possible, opt for simple words instead of ones that are complex. The more basic a word is, the better the chance is that it will be understood. Big is a better choice than enormous, for example. Make is a better choice than manufacture. 7.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Avoid speech complexity, which is beyond your listeners comprehension level. Use simple subject-verb-object statements with the significantly challenged. More mildly challenged people may be able to handle more forms that are complex. 8.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Look them in the eye. It lets them know that you care about what you are saying. Although they may rarely make eye contact with you, behave as if you really are interested in what they are talking about. 9.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Treat people with disabilities with respect. Do not treat them as inferior. Remember that the person you are talking to has feelings and is not stupid. Rather, he/she is challenged with something you will never understand the ability to understand, communicate, or decipher. 10.   Patience is the key. 11.   Be aware that you must listen and observe the person you are speaking to. In most cases, communicating with a person with a disability is very much like learning how to understand an accent. Be ready to adjust your communication style in a respectful way when necessary. 12.   Treat them as close as possible as you would a normal person, except use age-appropriate words. Otherwise, they may sense something is up. 13.   Smile to show them you are enjoying their company. 14.   Be aware of the tone of your voice.   Is it patronizing? Are you speaking with the tone you would use for a child? Adjust accordingly. (Challenges faced by, 2010) Conclusion The mentally challenged can become part of the community by understanding how they speak and process information. The earlier the problem is detected the better it is for the child. Sometimes the public tries to hide the fact until it becomes apparent to all, and by then it is too late to get timely help. There are plenty of child guidance centers and special schools around to provide the perfect environment to aid in the development of the child. If these facilities are not utilized, a mentally deficient child will definitely develop severe social and emotional problems as well. We all should try to accept the fact that their child is mentally challenged and help him or her grow to the full potential that he or she is capable of. Some people try for a miraculous cure and expend a lot of time and energy in search of a divine elixir. Even though such an attitude is understandable, it does not show any results. That time will be better spent in admitting the child to a special school or sheltered institution where he can get professional help. Communicating with people who have mental deficiency is a skill that you can hone over time with continuous practice. There are some tips, which will allow you to communicate in a better way with them. Words are just the tip of the communication iceberg. When conversing with a person, we send myriad signals by the way we stand the expression on our face and the tone of our voice. These form levels of communication that bypass words. When talking to anyone, remember to relax and consciously use body language in a positive manner. Even if the verbal communication is misunderstood, the body language can convey concern and interest. The person will receive the message that we are interested in them and care about their feelings. Watch what you say to the child, be very careful of the environment they are in, and make sure people treat the child as one of us, not a special child. Each Tuesday we play softball for the church and each time Sonic gets up a homerun is produced. It is not the home run that matters to us, although Sonic would tell you other wise, but the encouragement of being one of the gang that allows her to participate in an activity someone with a mentally challenged condition would never experience.

The Victims of Jack the Ripper Essay -- Research Papers Serial Killer

The Victims of Jack the Ripper Jack the Ripper is remembered as one of history’s most famous serial killers. His technique of getting his victims to lay down before he slashed their throats, then disemboweling them in a matter of a minute or two with as little blood flow as possible distinguishes him as one of the most methodical, ruthless killers to ever live. He even performed some of his gruesome murders right in the street and left his victims to be found minutes later by people or policemen passing by. This demonstrates what extremes he would actually go to fulfill his desire for killing. Through my report I will create a brief profile of Jack’s victims as well as explore the methodical and horrendous ways they were murdered. Mary Anne â€Å"Polly† Nichols Mary Anne Nichols was found dead on Aug. 31, 1888 between 3:30 and 4:00 A.M. by a porter on his way to work. At first, it appeared to the porter that the woman was just laying down in the street unconscious. Police officer John Neil was summoned to the scene minutes after the body was found. The light from his lamp revealed that the woman was in fact dead with a slashed throat. Dr. Rees Ralph Llewellyn was performing a surgery when he was called to make an official examination of the body. After the examination was complete he pronounced the woman dead by means of a slashed throat. He also took special note that the body was still warm, indicating that the victim had been dead perhaps only minutes before being discovered. The body was removed to the mortuary shed at the Old Montague Street Workhouse Infirmary to be autopsied. Only then was the unusually large puddle of blood that had collected beneath the body seen. Once at the mortuary, Dr. Llewellyn performed a full autopsy, which revealed more about the manner of the murder that was not acknowledged during the street examination. Not only was her throat slashed, but also her abdominal area and sexual organs had been brutally sliced and mutilated, which explained the large puddle of blood beneath the body. Furthermore, there were many bruises on the sides of her face, which indicated that she had been knocked unconscious before being mutilated. The murder was believed to have been committed with a stout-handled blade of six to eight inches long (Geary, p.7). Mary Anne Nichols was the first victim of Jack the Ripper who was deliberately ... ... handful of prostitutes. Another theory was that maybe he was taking revenge for a family member who was in a similar situation, or that he came from the same situation as some of the children of the prostitutes and was also left by his mother who ended up as a prostitute. Or maybe he just felt that he was merely cleansing society and doing it a favor by killing off a handful of people who he felt were scum who corrupted society. The ideal profile of Jack the Ripper was a single man, probably a doctor, who had bad experiences with prostitutes in the past, and had lived in London long enough to become familiar with its streets and alleys. He was obviously very daring and nerveless to commit such crimes in the streets, because he could have been caught at any time by anyone who happened to be passing by. Bibliography   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Beg, Paul, Martin Fido and Keith Skinner. The Jack the Ripper A-Z. London: Headline Book Publishing, 1991.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Geary, Rick. Jack the Ripper A Journal of the White Chapel Murders. New York: Nantier Beall Minoustchine Publishing, Inc., 1995.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Sugden, Philip. The Complete History of Jack the Ripper. New York: Carroll & Graf Publishers, Inc., 1994.

Summary Response: Discrimination

JUST WALK ON BY Have you ever been obsessed by the fear of being different from other people? People usually give the wrong perception on the others based on their appearance, or their skin. In the article â€Å"Just Walk on by†, the uk/rhetorical-devices-in-night-walker-by-brent-staples/">author Brent Staples tells a story about his own experiences, which are how he was discriminated because of his appearance: a black man. The story begins when the author was mistaken for a criminal due to his black skin by a white woman. Although Brent Staples was just a graduate student, every time he went to the public, almost everybody, especially the women tried to run away from him.Simply, he is black, and they considered that a black man could be a rapist, a mugger or worse. The readers can picture how a young black man is isolated from the public through the author’s experiences: being perceived as dangerous on the street, or being mistaken for a burglar at work. At the end, he found out that he was not able to change the bad perception on his black skin, so he learnt to get use to it and tried to be successful. In response to the essay, there are three points that crossed my mind after read the article; specifically, these are the discrimination, the compassion and ways to get over the obstacles. Related essay: On Compassion SummaryTo begin with, discrimination is the first issue which was pointed out very clearly in the article. Discrimination has lasted for many decades. There are many kinds of discrimination, such as skin colour, religion, national origin, and gender. Although many laws, controversies, demonstrations have exploded to against the discrimination, a lot of people are still suffering from that issue. The victims often receive the bad perceptions of the others on their own appearances, and as the results, they are not trusted by anybody or even be considered as a criminal, and worse for the society.For example, the author was mistaken for a burglar at his workplace just because he is the black. He finally chose trying to be successful as a way to overcome the discrimination. However, how many people who are discriminated can be optimistic to get over their obstacles as Brent Staples did? The victims of discrimination usually feel stressed, depressed, and insult ed, so it’s very hard to think of a positive way to overcome it. Some of them choose to suicide or kill any people who hurt them. Obviously, they become worse as a result of discrimination.When we were born, nobody was able to choose our parents, skin colour or gender, so we have no rights to evaluate or give any poor perception on other people based on their appearance. Another point that I want to share after reading the article is the compassion. Being discriminated by other people is the worst feeling in the world. As a person who comes from a poor country, I am often affair of being discriminated. I’m not black, but some people gave me the bad perception because they thought that I come from a poor country which means I have a poor education.Everything I have is worse than theirs. Moreover, I used to be discriminated by a Vietnamese who was born in the America. He usually makes fun of me because I’m not good in English. As the results, I’m often relu ctant and feel shy when talking with a stranger in English. Back to the article, the author’s story about discrimination reminds me of a poem I read many years ago: COLOURED When I born, I Black, When I grow up, I Black, When I go in Sun, I Black, When I scared, I Black, When I sick, I Black, And when I die, I still black, And you White fella,When you born, you Pink, When you grow up, you White, When you go in Sun, you Red, When you cold, you Blue, When you scared, you Yellow, When you sick, you Green, And when you die, you Gray, And you calling me Coloured ? This poem was written by an African child. Eventually, discrimination exists everywhere in the world. The black is usually distrusted in both workplaces and society. In Brent Staples’ story, even though he had a good job in Chicago, he was still considered as a burglar. Not all coloured people are bad and aggressive, and not all the white are good.Therefore, as coloured people, we should show the talents and prove our values to the world that everything white people do, we can do it, and even better. The final thing i learnt from the article is the ways to get over the discrimination. I really admire Brent’s spirit when he faced to his obstacles. He chose to avoid misunderstandings and tried to be successful as ways to against discrimination. Actually, in life, we can see a lot of coloured people who used to be discriminated proved their own values to the world.For example, Michael Jackson, Whitney Houston, Mariah Carey and many other celebrities have showed their talents and been admitted by the millions people in the world. Plus, recently, Barack Obama is the first coloured president of America. Nevertheless, beside positive sides, there are some people choosing negative ways to overcome the discrimination. They suicide as a way to escape, or they kill anybody who hurts them. Sometimes, being friendly and optimistic is a good way to solve problems rather than being aggressive and pe ssimistic.Our skin colour doesn’t make any senses; the way we perceive and get over our obstacles will make our own values. In conclusion, I’m strongly against the discrimination, but I also sympathize with the author in the article, and I admire the ways he chose to get over the discrimination. There should have more laws and organizations to support and protect people who are discriminated. Moreover, nobody have rights to evaluate or comment, especially discriminate other people based on their appearances. This world might be peaceful and happy if everyone lived by such tenets as â€Å"Never cause discrimination between human and human†.

Hybrid Assistive Limb

Hybrid Assistive Limb (HAL-5) 1. Introduction. People often suffer from various disorders related to their physical health, which also include disorders of the nervous, vascular and integumentary systems, muscular and neurologic diseases. Consequently, these violations probably affect the musculoskeletal system and complicate the daily lives of these people. However, with the daily development of science and technology, doctors and inventors are trying to create some kind of device that can make life easier for people with such disabilities. To date, some examples of these developments are already invented.One of these developments is a powered exoskeleton Hybrid Assistive Limb (HAL-5). Hybrid Assistive Limb (HAL) is a full-body suit, which was designed to help people with degenerated muscles or spinal injuries or brain disorders. Now we are going to describe appearance, functions and main characteristics of this robotic device. 2. Data and producers. The wearable-type robot â€Å"R obot Suit HAL† was created in Japan, notably by Cyberdyne, Inc. This company was founded in 2004 to exploit the work of a group of cybernetics researchers headed by Yoshiyuki Sankai, a Professor of System and Information Engineering at Tsukuba University. 4] The study about Hybrid Assistive Limb was started by professor Sankai in 1992 and lasted until 1996. The result of this hard work was HAL-1 (fig. 1), first prototype of HAL series robots. The next robot which was built with cardinally other design is HAL-3 (fig. 2). It was invented in 1999 and had been used for 6 years. Final version of HAL robot, HAL-5 (fig. 3), was discovered in 2005 and still is being developed by professor Yoshiyuki Sankai in his laboratory at University of Tsukuba. Cyberdyne Inc. has been manufacturing and is currently distributing of the HAL-5 to the residences of Japan and Europe.Figure 1. HAL-1 robot, 1996 Figure 2. HAL-3 robot, 1999 3. Functions and applications of the system HAL-5 is expected to be applied in various fields such as rehabilitation support and physical training support in medical field. Also, it can be used in a range of another non-military uses, for example, in including allowing workers to carry heavier. [4] HAL-5 helps users lift up to about 40 kg more than they normally could. To be exact, a healthy adult male, wearing this suit, can lift approximately 80 kg, roughly double what he can without it.Hybrid Assistive Limb can multiply the overall original strength of the wearer by a factor of 2 to 10. The general concept of a HAL-5 robot is simple in general. The components HAL are very easy to construct, however, the complexity of the HAL occurs primarily in its programming and way of working. Professor Sankai says that â€Å"the suit detects faint biosignals on the surface of the skin when the human brain tries to move the exoskeleton†. When the Robot Suit detects these signals, it helps the user to move.HAL-5 can operate indoors and outdoors; altho ugh, it is strongly recommended to use this suit indoors until better batteries allow more prolonged use. One of the main advantages of this robot is the ability to change between two types of control: Cybernic Voluntary Control and Cybernic Autonomous Control. By using phase switching with the autonomous control function, the healthy function of a limb could be reproduced by the HAL. Based on this capability, it appears that the HAL would be effective for use in the rehabilitation of patients suffering from loss of nervous function in a limb. 4.System design The most visible part of the HAL-5 is the exoskeletal frame, which consists of a frame made of nickel molybdenum and an aluminum alloy. Moreover, it was strengthened by a plastic casing and the metal bars, which is strapped to the body and helps the user externally. The bars run along the lateral sides of the legs and arms. Additionally, there are several electric motors act as the HAL-5’s muscles, which have to provide powered assistance to the wearer’s limbs. Currently, the total weight of the Hybrid Assistive Limb suit is 23kg, but man, wearing this device, does not feel any weight.It happens because the suit can support its own weight. Also, HAL-5 has a small pouch attached to a belt on the suit that contains a computer, Controller Unit, which controls the suit and a Wi-Fi communications system. The bindings at the shoulders take the form of backpack-like straps to attach the battery and Controller Unit. The frame also has soles, which are used to help stabilize balance, at the ends of the leg bars to eliminate the need for the user to support the weight of the suit. All of these details you can see from fig. 3, and fig. 4. Fig. 3. and Fig. 4.System architecture with sensors, battery and Controller Unit 5. Sensors and actuation mechanisms On the side of the joint nearest the corpus, two sensors are placed upon the skin. One sensor is placed over the muscle group, which causes the limb to extend, and one on the surface of muscle group, which causes the limb to flex. Each sensor consists of two electrodes which measure potential difference between them as a function of the nerve impulses, which cause the contraction of muscle fibers. These sensors first filter and then amplify the signals of passing such kind of nerve impulses.Also, the suit is powered by both nickel-metal hydride and lithium battery packs. Full charge of this battery lasts approximately for 2 hours and 40 minutes, with both the upper and lower body parts in action. Cyberdyne Inc. has announced that one part of its research is focused on increasing this time to about 5 hours. HAL-5 Speficications: | Height | 1600mm| Weight | Full Body Type: 23kg | | Lower body: 15kg| Battery | Drive Charged battery ( AC100V)| Continuous operating time | Approximately 2 hours 40 minutes| Motions Daily Activities | Standing up from a chair| Walking| | Climbing up and down stairs| | Hold and lift heavy objects up to 80k g| Cybernic Control:| Cybernic Voluntary Control| | Cybernic Autonomous Control| Indoor and outdoor| ? | 6. Conclusion In conclusion we can consider that the wearable-type robot HAL-5 is a tool with enormous potential for improving quality of life. In addition, the HAL-5’s frame can incorporate recycled materials, which can include fiberglass, certain plastics, silicon, aluminum, and steel. Such materials can also be recoverable for recycling into other products.Improvements in battery efficiency and frame weight would reduce energy requirements, and in the case of outdoor use, energy requirements could be offset by solar cells on the frame. So, the program is currently being continuing and developing. Sankai says that one of his main aims is â€Å"to create technologies that are designed for the benefit of humankind rather than for destructive purposes. † For example, he refused offers from the U. S. Department of Defense in Washington DC and the government of South K orea to work on a robot for military use. This adds more confidence in the good intentions of professor Sankai.