Ernst Von Mansfeld Thirty Years

Thirty Years' War: Ernst von Mansfeld Ernst von Mansfeld was a German military commander in the Thirty Years War. Although he fought for the Protestant cause, Mansfeld was a Roman Catholic. He was considered one of the most dangerous opponent of the Catholic League. He was born in 1580 as the illegitimate son of Peter Ernst I von Mansfeld-Vorderort and Dorothea von Solms- Lich. In 1594 he served under Archduke Leopold. Then, in 1610 he Joined Frederick V and the Protestant Union. At the age 36 he led his first regiment of 2000 men.He fought for the Protestant Union until he died from illness in November, 1626. In the Bohemian Phase of the Thirty Years' War Mansfeld led an army of 2000 men, raised by the Duke of Savoy, to aid the Bohemian rebels. He successfully siege the Bohemian city of Pilsen in 1618. Mansfeld was defeated in the Battle of Sablat after being inactive for a while. At the Battle of White Mountain Masfeld and his forces were defeated, and in shortly after forced to su rrender Pilsen to the Catholics. Toward the end of the Bohemian Phase King Frederick V selected Mansfeld to lead is Bohemian troops.Following this he undertook Frederick's position in Upper Palatinate. He then moved into Rhenish Palatinate. This allowed Mansfeld to successfully defend against Johann Tserclaes, the Count of Tillys attempt at overtaking Bohemian rebel regiments. He also was defeated by Tilly twice. Mansfeld's troops were very destructive, not only to the lands of his enemy, but to the lands he was supposed to defend. During the Palatine Phase of the Thirty Years' War Mansfeld raised another of Frederick Vs armies in an effort to recover Palastine.The effort was a failure, because he was once again defeated by Tilly. Then Mansfeld was given an army of 12,000 men by James I of England. These troops were sent into the Dutch city of Breda as an attempt of relief for the Siege of Breda, but the troops were not permitted set foot on land, and Breda fell in 1625. Mansfeld le d the remainder of his army to Dutch lands, where they were once again defeated by Habsburg forces. Mansfeld continued to fght. He led his forces to Bergen-op-Zoom, a Dutch city seiged by the Spainish in 1622. This led to the relief of the city.Mansfeld spent 1624 and 1625 raising an anti-Habsburg army. He led this coalition in a march on Bohemia in 1626, but in a turn of events Mansfeld was forced to turn to Hungary. He intended on returning to his base after being defeated by Tilly once again. On his return home Mansfeld fell ill, and on November 29, 1626 he died in Bosnia. Mansfeld was a great force to be reckoned with during Thirty year's War. The Protestant Union can contribute much ot their success during the early phases ot the war. He was remarkable because he fought for the Protestant cause while remaining a faithful Catholic.

Microsoft Opens the Gates: Patent, Piracy, and Political Challenges in China Essay

Microsoft faced many macro risks when operating in China. Many of these risks included software piracy, Chinese government pressure to transfer technology, host government promotion of competitor products, discriminatory procurement practices by sub-national authorities in China, and the strong encouragement for Microsoft to enter joint ventures with local firms. One main micro risk that Microsoft faced was when the Beijing Municipal government avoided Microsoft by awarding operating system software contracts for 2,000 PCs to Red Flag Linux. I see these risk increasing due to the fact that the Chinese Central Bank has put new restrictions to foreign exchange transactions in attempt to control the flow of convertible currency out of the country. This restriction set in place by the Chinese Central Bank was described as a â€Å"crackdown† on illegal transactions. This change will effectively make it more difficult for both domestic and international companies to move capital in and out of China. In result, only increasing the risks for MNCs to do business in China. Another main reason why I see the risks increasing is that the Chinese government has not made an effort to control the piracy/counterfeiting issues. Counterfeiters are China’s largest state owned factories. These risk are also found in other developing countries such as India where piracy and counterfeiting is a big issue. After the U. S. – China accord on intellectual property rights in 1992, it encouraged Microsoft to explore further opportunities in China. In order to manage political risk in China, initially, Microsoft signed various agreements with Chinese PC producers to pre-load its software on their computers. Other approaches to manage political risk included opening Microsoft Research China (Microsoft’s second international research lab and the first one in Asia) and signed agreements with China’s top four computer makers to preinstall Windows XP on their machines. One of the most notable approaches was when Microsoft signed an accord with the Shanghai Municipal government whereby agreed to help develop Shanghai’s software sector, expand its Shanghai regional support center into a global support center, and train thousands of software architects. Ultimately, Microsoft continued to manage political risks throughout the years by continuing to build agreements with Chinese PC manufacturers, develop new partnerships and better its relations with the Chinese government. I favor the strong ties that Microsoft built over the past two decades with the Chinese government and feel that all the techniques they used to manage political risk were needed in order to conduct profitable business in such a scrutinized country and economy. Going forward, Microsoft should continue to try and enforce IPR and keep healthy relationships with the Chinese for obvious reasons. They should keep developing partnerships and build a Microsoft oriented software sector in China through training/certification to strengthen the company’s forecast. By having to deal with lower levels of government, it created an initial challenge to â€Å"win† over the lower level of government in order to strengthen Microsoft’s overall relationship with China. Specific challenges included when the they signed agreements with China’s State Development & Planning Commission to invest in education/training, signed a large investment and cooperation deal with the Beijing Commission on Science & Technology and struck partnership deals with various Chinese companies such as Petro China. Although Microsoft kept making strong efforts to strengthen the relationship with China, they still faced many challenges to overcome China’s discrimination towards the company by requiring all ministries to purchase Linux based software. These challenges created new opportunities for Microsoft to create new initiatives to benefit the Chinese economy which in result helped them build a strong footprint in China. Yes other firms do have the same risk management options as Microsoft did. Other firms did have the same risk management options because all MNCs faced the same macro/micro issues that Microsoft faced when entering the China markets which included pressure to transfer technology, host government promotion of competitor products, discriminatory procurement practices by sub-national authorities in China, and the strong encouragement to enter joint ventures with local firms. Microsoft is creating serious risks by supporting, financing, and transferring technology to local Chinese software firms but had to do so in rder to have success in China. By them giving back to the Chinese economy, in return a large percentage of software users are using Microsoft product legally and illegally. In result, the end user is most likely using a Microsoft product and creates brand awareness. Microsoft used the appropriabiltiy theory to manage their risks by only sharing information with their partners that is only appropriate in order to make the partnership work.

A Personal Quest to Become a Dentist in the United States

A Personal Quest to Become a Dentist in the United States Since I started primary school, I have always had a deep passion for biology and art. I started making sculptures out of clay when I was in the secondary school, I accompanied my cousin to a dental office once at that time and I can vividly remember paying full attention to the dentists hands: all that instruments and materials and the way he used them, art and science in one place. My cousin was all smiles when he looked at the mirror and there it was, my future job, Dentistry. Giving smiles to people with your hands and knowledge is a great feeling. When I started dental school I found that I was raised to become a dentist. Im so meticulous and very good in practical works,I always try to do the perfect job. Being a dentist in the USA was always my dream as the level of education and clinical expertise is of highest rank in the world. When I was in the second semester of my dental school, my mom was diagnosed with stomach cancer. Although I was going through a very difficult time, I did not even think about giving up on dentistry for a moment. My mom passed away in the third year of my dental school. I still managed to surpass all that troubles and continued my studies, despite getting average marks, I did not fail any of the subjects even at the semester that I lost my mom. I learned to handle my job and control unexpected events even in the hardest part of my life. I am that kind of person who will persist until succeed. I moved to Iran after graduation and I got accepted to an advanced standing program for foreign trained dentists in the Islamic Azad University of Tehran. I finished that program successfully in one year and I started working in Tehran. I enjoyed working 8 hours a day in an impoverished region in south of tehran ( capital of iran ) more than anything else in the world. I also have a great passion for translating academic texts from english to Persian. As there is lack of good books and know ledge of english in Iran, It will help advancing dentistry there. I translated Therapeutic Guidelines oral and dental which is a reference from australian dental council to farsi for Tehran university press.I moved to USA in September 2013 and I started working as a volunteer dental assistant in a dental office. I also did research in the Oklahoma University dental school. Soon after I started there I realized that I made a good choice: The world of dentistry in United States is highly advanced and of best quality. I have an inquisitive mind and enjoy learning new materials in my field and I believe here is the right place for me. Aside from my academic career, I have also enjoyed playing sports, dancing and watercolor painting. I was in my citys swimming team when I was in high school. I also like learning different languages and I have started French recently. Although I know the road to become a registered dentist in USA is a demanding and highly competitive one, I am the person with great passion and determination and I will follow my dreams with all my heart and energy. Dentistry is my passion, hobby and dream job and I know Im going to be a great dentist in USA and I can overcome all the obstacles throughout this course and beyond.

Descartes and Certainty Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Descartes and Certainty - Essay Example Descartes opens himself to the possibility of rejecting the beliefs he has adopted early in life without proof down to the ones that lay foundation on his belief system. Descartes starts off by questioning his physical and spiritual existence. He checks for the veracity of his possessing a body and soul. His doubts escalate to the properties of objects such as dimension, color, quantity, and the place and time during which they exist. Afterwards and quite quickly, Descartes jumps into the subject of the existence of God, which also appears in a separate meditation - Meditation III. One may ask, "Why does Descartes' questioning on the existence of God appear so early in Meditation I" After attempting to prove his existence, Descartes tries to prove the existence of God or what he refers to as Deity. To him the ability to prove God's existence is the most significant goal the failure of which implied inability to prove everything else. This is how important the goal is to him. To a believer like Descartes, conceiving of ideas and existence of other things is only possible with God. It seems impossible to comprehend a world without a God. The existence of God simplifies the laws of nature, and answers the questions as to why the universe behaves the way it does. From his writings, it is clear that Descartes believes in God. Meditation II gives us a clearer view of Descartes' "I think therefore I am." Note that in Meditation I, Descartes' doubts concerning life, the universe and everything are strengthened by the contemplation of an "omnipotent, omniscient, and omnibenevolent" God being a deceiver. In many of his musings, Descartes bumps into skepticism but rejected it right away. At length, Descartes goes about his uncertainties and contradicts them to be able to get to his desired answer. He talks about intuition of the mind arguing that objects and bodies should be perceived not by the senses or imagination but by the intellect alone. Meditation III reveals Descartes advancing in his method of finding truth by forming a basis of certainty - the clear and distinct. To quote: "In this first knowledge, doubtless, there is nothing that gives me assurance of its truth except the clear and distinct perception of what I affirm". By "clear and distinct" he refers to objects that were not only perceived by his senses and ideas that formed in his mind but also objects whose existence was external to him. Despite this, Descartes cannot help doubting. As he progresses towards certainty, a new question forms in his mind and the process becomes circular. Descartes answers his metaphysical doubt by proving that God exists and is not a deceiver. Once he has proven the existence of God then everything else will follow. He treats the existence of God in the context of the existence of the material world. He uses wax as an example - extending it, melting it and so on and applies the same process of thought with God or Deity, for that matter. How ever little that metaphysical doubt, it has to be eliminated in order to witness the certainty of the existence of things. Descartes has to convince us that God or the evil genius has not merely enticed him into thinking that something can't emerge from nothing. Descartes attempts to make his point by dealing with contradictions. He uses

Safety in industries Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Safety in industries - Essay Example When we look at the statistics of the U.S. Department of Labor, it can be observed that in 2011, almost 540 fatal injuries at workplace were just due to fall in industries. In those scenarios where the height of the fall was known, almost 57 percent workers fall from a height of 20 feet or bit less than that. Out of these one in every four falls was from a height of about 10 feet or lesser than that. The industry deals with safety risks from activities such as roofing whereby workers are expected to take precautions for their own safety since not much can be done to maintain 100% safety. Enhancements to work at high heights such as scaffolds and ladders are also part of the risk since workers also slip and fall from them while in some cases the scaffolds and ladders fall causing deadly injuries to the workers using them. It is usually supposed that deadly falls are those where the victim falls from a height higher than three meters while in reality falls below this height can be dead ly especially when the head hits the ground first. According to Feld and Carper (2004), safety belts are regarded as the solution to falls in construction, but they only help to address falls in situations where the worker remains in a stationary position for a considerable period. It is not reasonable to provide a person painting a roof with a safety belt with no specific place to hook it. On the other hand, most construction managers rarely assess the experience of workers with regards to tasks requiring them to work in high heights to avoid paying higher costs. However, even with such evaluations, some workers may provide false information so as not to lose the job. Falls may also be associated with deep trenches on the ground that may be unknown to workers and without visible signs (Cheng, Kelly & Ryan, 2013). Dust is a common health issue in construction since it creates from most of the activities involved such as excavation and loading,

Education as Ideological Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Education as Ideological Management - Essay Example Succeeding minority groups had the same problem with inequality, wherein the pervading culture of white, Protestant and Anglo-Saxon continued to view Native Americans, Asian Americans, Latinos, and other minority groups a threat to the dominant ideology. While the past was characterized by blatant policies of racism and inequality, the current period is an era where the question of self-awareness and self-examination of where ideological biases could be examined. It is not as much as American education deliberately perpetuates racism but in the way ideology is carried unconsciously, spreading biases and prejudice even to those who are themselves considered minorities. For example, colored people may unconsciously imbibe the cultural and ideological biases of the dominant cultural group, thereby undermining their very sense of identity. Culture has a pervasive impact on the educational system, embedded not in just the way teachers teach, but in the systemic practices.

Discuss the purpose and process of budgetary control Assignment

Discuss the purpose and process of budgetary control - Assignment Example Budget control is the process of managing individual items in a budget such that expenses arising from them do not rise above the forecasted amount in the budget estimates. Budget control helps an organization/ entity to plan adequately for the future. It also helps the organization to evaluate adherence to set policies. Through budgetary control, the organization is able to minimize wastage and inefficiency (Pollitt, 2001). In itself, the budget is a tool for expenditure control within a firm. In order to stick to the laid out expenditure program and prevent excessive spending, the organization has to carry out effective budget control measures, both before and after planning. Below is an outline of the main steps of budgetary control. This phase involves drawing up a list of policy guidelines for the firm that will guide both the management and lower-level employees in their daily operations. Integrating long term policies with short term ones forms a basis for periodic evaluation of success in implementing a set of policy guidelines. Several objectives that guide the business are laid out in order of prioritization. Besides profitability, which is the key objective of most business organizations, quality, market positioning, product differentiation and cost leadership form some of the more common goals that guide policy formulation (Toigo and Woods, 2006). Whereas policy harmonization is key to achievement of set goals, each level of management rolls out several objectives that guide its specific situation. However, the goals must work towards achieving the corporate objectives laid out by the top management. Each function that is deemed to complement achievement of policies formulated is listed together with its expected costs/ revenue. The forecasts should be made at both the micro and macro levels. Micro level forecasts involve activity based costs, while macro level forecasts involve transaction

Rhetorical analysis of an argument Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Rhetorical analysis of an argument - Essay Example Blake is a Londoner himself and this basic knowledge of his origin establishes the chief nature of logos linked to the ethos so that both may be set in equilibrium with the pathos as readers yield to spontaneous involvement of feeling and making sense of the narrative based on a similar experience. As Blake opens his poem â€Å"London† with â€Å"I wander thro’ each charter’d street; Near where the charter'd Thames does flow†, he means to reflect the state of misery which the city of London was confronted with in the 18th century. Blake lived in the time when tumultuous political affairs of the unscrupulous English authorities prevailed in the period coinciding the French Revolution and under such settings, the structure of law possessed rigidity which resulted to oppression and other unpleasant forms of injustice. Blake gives illustration to this by the repetition of the modifier term â€Å"charter’d† which seems to have gone overboard as th e ruling designates even the river Thames to unnecessary restrictions. Through his literary endeavor in â€Å"London†, Blake laments about the appalling conditions of the capital city which are depicted by the disconcerting sights as viewed from the atmosphere and external appearances of the general public. In his wandering, the speaker in â€Å"London† takes into account how largely keen his physical encounter is of the ailing situation that he becomes drawn to concretize with â€Å"In every cry of every Man; In every Infant's cry of fear; In every voice, in every ban†. These lamentations exhibit the worst extent of London’s depressed scenario which, according to the historical context the poet is looking at, is brought about by the wrongful or inhumane administration of law or political regulations at the time. Blake makes no mention of authorities or governmental body responsible for the complaints delivered in the poem, nevertheless, he implicitly dem onstrates the presence of unseen yet brutish socio-political force behind what may well be imagined as harsh occurrences causing people of 18th century London to suffer. This is widely evident in the third and fourth lines of the first stanza indicating â€Å"marks† which assumes both literal and symbolic meanings. The wandering speaker does not only pass along the streets as an ordinary traveller but as a critical observer who could not help empathizing for every picture he catches sight of particularly when he manages to perceive the outer countenance and feel the â€Å"marks of weakness† and the â€Å"marks of woe.† Though the poet observed London merely as he could in his capacity and limits of time, the scope of his piece spans into the society of the present where its essence proves relevant to some point. â€Å"London† may be considered as a classical work, however, since there are certain political aspects that remain true in application and value in today’s political system, the poem is able to convey relevance in manifesting how the government relates to people and addresses their needs. State corruption still occurs thereby impoverishing communities whose people are heavily or unreasonably taxed yet do not obtain proper returns in exchange of completed duties or who continue to receive minimum wages despite

Purification Planning for Sole Proprietor Case Study

Purification Planning for Sole Proprietor - Case Study Example This way a company or a sole proprietor can reduce Paid-up Capital through a payment and the qualifying shares are subsequently sold to arm's length party. This paper tries to answer the question as to whether Mr. Edward Lau, a Canadian Resident, who is the sole shareholder of Cell City is qualified to avail the CGD when he sells his shares. Mr. Edward wants to sell his shares and thus the tax implications have been examined. An analysis of all the possible tax issues that will be raised, and how to overcome it is being discussed in this paper. It is vital to do this kind of planning by Cell City sooner rather than later. The planning becomes more complicated and risky, and probably, more expensive, if such planning is contemplated on the eve of a sale. Mr. Edward Lau, a Canadian Resident, is the sole shareholder of Cell City and has been since its inception. Cell City owns 100% of common shares of Space, which consist of 100 shares with a Paid up Capital (PUC) and an Adjusted Cost Base (ACB) of $50,000. Edward has never claims a Capital Gain Deduction (CGD). Edward has received an offer for his shares in Cell City. Before making his decision, he requests our advice on all the tax consequences resulting from such a decision. He informs us that Cell City has exited since 1989 and that the balance sheet for both corporations has remained substantially the same for the last three years. The balance sheets as at August 31, 2009, are presented below: Cell City: FMV Cost Treasury Bills 150,000 150,000 Shares of public corporations 100,000 75,000 Shares-Space 1,000,000 50,000 1,250,000 275,000 Share Capital 100 Retained Earnings 1,249,900 1,250,000 Space: FMV Cost Loan to Broke Ltd. 300,000 300,000 Land 100,000 75,000 Building 700,000 425,000 Equipment 400,000 600,000 Goodwill 150,000 0 1,650,000 1,400,000 Liabilities 50,000 Mortgage 600,000 Share Capital 50,000 Retained Earnings 950,000 1,650,000 The value of goodwill is reflected in the Fair Market Value (FMV) of retained earnings. Broke Ltd. is not related to Space and the loan does not bear interest it is controlled by a friend of Edward Lau. Edward Lau has asked us to explore the rules applicable to purification planning, identify situations that may come under the provisions of the rules, and determine the tax consequences. Then the provisions of the ITA that allow the Capital Gains Deduction (CGD) to be claimed on disposal of shares in a Canadian-Controlled Private Corporation (CCPC) and qualified assets are also analyzed. This is a significant benefit, since using the CGD serves to reduce Edward Lau's tax bill. This paper will determine taxpayers' tax liability and regulatory requirements and exposure. Tax implications of proposed and completed transactions are evaluated and analyzed and tax-planning issues are discussed. Business decisions in their legal context, along with preparing and advising on contract structure and enforcement is discussed. The first section of this paper looks at the background of Cell City.

Raw Materials as Biofuel Pellets Essay Example for Free

Raw Materials as Biofuel Pellets Essay In the Philippines, forests and woodlands cover about 7,168,400 hectares (http://forestry.denr.gov.ph). These forests have unique environmental and biodiversity values, and make available a wide range of products for subsistence use. The most predominant use of wood is in the form of firewood and charcoal by the majority of Filipinos in both rural and urban areas. Firewood is preferred in rural areas simply because it is obtainable free of charge. Charcoal is preferred in urban areas on account of its being cheap, easy to transport, distribute and store. It is almost smokeless and has higher calorific value A(30 MJ/kg) than firewood (15MJ/kg). But according to the U.N. FAO (2003), the woodlands have experienced highest rates of degradation and deforestation compared to other cover classes. This could be attributed to selective cutting for timber and clear felling of trees for both charcoal production and cultivation. Charcoal production is responsible for degradation and deforestation.Between 1990 and 2010, the Philippines lost an average of 54,750 ha or 0.83% of forested area per year. Charcoal production and cultivation have an impact on large-scale deforestation that has occurred in the area between 1991 and 1998. Philippine Government is also in trouble as environmental sanitation is concerned. Waste materials in markets or even in public places continually piled up every other day when it is not fetched by a garbage truck. These waste materials are primarily composed of coconut shells in markets, wastepaper in schools and offices, rice hulls in agricultural remains and sawdust, a waste product produce in the lumber shops. This study was conducted to reduce the percentage breakdown of deforestation which would soon contribute to the prevalent global warming. Since waste materials such as coconut shells, rice hulls, sawdust and wastepaper are totally organic and may seem useful at times, we came up on using it as a primary component in making Biofuel at varying formulations. This way, the researchers can help in preserving the environmental balance of the ecosystem and at the same time, to come up with a cheap, easy-drying and a highly combustible fuel for household fuel – The Biofuel Pellets. Statement of the Problem This study aimed to determine whether different formulations of coconut shells, rice hulls, sawdust and wastepapercan be a viable source of Biofuel in the form of Pellets. Specific Objectives: This study specifically aimed to answer the following inquiries: 1. To determine the heating values of each raw materials to be used in making the biofuel pellets. 2. To determine the heating values of the biofuel pellets at varying coconut shells: rice hull: sawdust: wastepaper ratios and the wood charcoal as the positive control. 3. To determine if there is a significant difference on the heating value of Formulation 1, Formulation 2, Formulation 3, Formulation 4 and the positive control. 4. To determine the relationship between the size and the heating value of varying formulations and the positive control. 5. To determine the boiling time of biofuel pellets when biofuel pellets at varying formulations and wood charcoal are used as fuels. 6. To determine if there is a significant difference on the boiling time of Formulation 1, Formulation 2, Formulation 3, Formulation 4 and the positive control. 7. To determine the relationship between the size and the boiling time of varying formulations and the positive control. 8. To determine the density of biofuel pellets at varying formulations and the wood charcoal. 9. To determine if there is a significant differenceon the density of Formulation 1, Formulation 2, Formulation 3, Formulation 4 and the positive control. 10. To determine the relationship between the size and the density of varying formulations and the positive control. Hypothesis of the Study This study aimed to determine whether the mixture of waste paper products and materials, and coconut shell can be a viable source of bioethanol. Specifically, this study aimed to determine if there is an existing significant difference, in terms of the percentage of bioethanol produced, between the pure waste paper mixture, pure pulverized coconut shell, and 1:1 ratio mixture of waste paper and pulverized coconut. This study hypothesized that there will be no existing significant difference, in terms of the percentage of bioethanol produced, between the pure waste paper mixture, pure pulverized coconut shell, and 1:1 ratio mixture of waste paper and pulverized coconut. Schematic Diagram Independent Variables Dependent Variables Formulation 1 150g coconut shells, 150g rice hull; 150g, saw dust , 50g paper Formulation 2 225g coconut shells, 112.5g rice hull, 112.5g sawdust, 50g waste paper Boiling Time (minutes) Formulation 3 112.5g coconut shells, 225g rice hull, 112.5g saw dust, 50g waste paper Burning Time (minutes) Formulation 4 112.5g coconut shells, 112.5g rice hull, 225g saw dust, 50g waste paper Density (g/ mL) Positive Group: Wood Charcoal Figure 1.A diagram showing the relationship between the independent variables and the dependent variables Significance of the Study The findings of this study would greatly benefit the various sectors, primarily the following: Community Residences. Since it takes a lot of time to dry those wood charcoal that is traditionally used by countless homes in the community, this study could be a good source of an alternative fuel in household cooking chores. First, it is well-accessible to use anytime, with less worries of its dryness when used and lastly, it could be conveniently used in any cooking activities because of its high combustibility, since Biofuel pellets are primarily composed of combustible materials. Energy Sector. The promising friendly fuel from biofuel production could help the energy deficit of the energy sector; thus sustaining not only the demand of the consumers but also the need of the environment to have a green and amicable energy source. Environmental Sector. This study could help reduce the amount of pollution to the environment by simply using organic waste products and converting it into an environment friendly source of fuel. Other Researchers. This study could benefit other researchers by using this study as a reference for future researches. Scope and Limitation of the Study This study was conducted on July 12, 2012 until August 4, 2012 at the Negros Occidental High School Physics and Chemistry Laboratory. The waste materials that were used in this study were coconut shells, rice hulls, sawdust and wastepaper. The coconut shells were obtained from different stalls at Libertad Market, rice hulls were from Agricultural waste during post-harvest, and sawdust was from lumber shops while the Wastepaper was a total combination of that in Offices and Schools. The study limited itself in the determination of the heating values and the most effective formulation of waste materials that could be a viable alternative for wood charcoals. In addition, this study did not include the cost analysis based from the probable costs that may arise during the experimentation process. However, utmost economic optimization was employed during the materials selection and Biofuel pellets production. Definition of Terms Boiling time. Allotted time in which phase transition of the substance turns from the liquid state to the gas state, usually occurring when a liquid is heated to its boiling point (http://chemistry.about.com). In this study, boiling point was used as one of the parameters of this study. Burning Time.the time during which the propellant charge of a fuel is fully consumed (merriam-webster.com). In this study, the burning time was used as one of the parameters during the experimentation of the study. Coconut. A member of the family Arecaceae (palm family). It is the only accepted species in the genus Cocos. The term coconut can refer to the entire coconut palm, the seed, or the fruit, which is not a botanical nut (apps.kew.org). In this study, the coconut was one of the raw materials in the process of fuel pellet production. Density.The quantity of something per unit measure, especially per unit length, area, or volume or the mass per unit volume of a substance under specified conditions of pressure and temperature (thefreedictionary.com) In this study, density was used as one of the parameters during the experiment. Fuel Pellets. A piece of fuel usually in the shape of a sphere or cylinder, used in pebble-bed reactors, inserted in graphite blocks, or used in metallic tubular fuel elements (www.thefreedictionary.com). In this study, fuel pellets was the product of the study conducted. Heating Value. Amount of heat produced from the complete combustion of a specific amount of fuel (www.businessdictionary.com). In this study, heating value was used as one of the parameters in this study. Rice hull.The dry outer covering of a rice grain; a husk (www.thefreedictionary.com). In this study, the rice hull was pulverized and used as one of the materials in the process of fuel pellet production. Sawdust. The small particles of wood or other material that fall from an object being sawed (http://education.yahoo.com). In this study, sawdust was used as one of the raw materials for the fuel pellet production. Waste papers.Paper that is not needed and has been thrown away (Encarta Dictionaries, 2008). In this study, the waste paper was used as a raw material for fuel pellet production.

Situation Simulation in Nursing | Research

Situation Simulation in Nursing | Research INTRODUCTION Background In nursing education, simulation is a mainstay for clinical learning (Tanner, 2006), particularly in the areas of safety, problem solving, and communication (Durham Alden, 2008). Also simulation-based education leads to improved self-confidence in performance (Cant and Cooper, 2010) According to Jefferies (2005), successful learning using simulation requires alignment of the design, teaching activities, competencies, and learning outcomes. The case scenario, including simulations of actual clinical problems, provides an interactive learning environment, engaging students in the learning process and encouraging them to make connections between and among concepts. Environmental interactivity and feedback typically is achieved through the use of a high-fidelity patient simulator supplemented with role-play techniques (Good, 2003). Although simulation has been used successfully, more recently, in medical and nursing education programs (King Reising 2011; Tan, Ti, Ho, Lee, 2002), its use as an evaluative tool is still not fully developed. Student performance evaluation is a very important step during simulation-based practice. There is limited research in the use of simulation in nursing education and the evaluation of student competency (Reed, 2010). The instrument, developed by Jenkins (1985), is a self-report measure in which respondents are asked to identify processes or strategies used in deriving clinical decisions. Because one used for evaluating the quality, the validity of a general self-report measure would be questionable. Faculty evaluation of student performance was found to be the primary evaluation method, with student report of performance second and evaluation of videotaped performance third (Nehring Lashley,2004). Radhakrishnan et al.(2007) described using simulation to evaluate clinical skill performance in several areas: safety, basic assessment, prioritization, problem-focused assessment, ensuing interventions, delegation, and communication. Lasater (2007) also developed Lasater Clinical Judgment Rubric (LCJR) based on Tanner’s Clinical Judgment Model (noticing, interpreting, responding, and reflecting). The LCJR defines what is meant by noticing, interpreting, responding, and reflecting with 11 dimensions with four scale levels. Although, LCJR has relevance for all clinical contexts, including acute care, long-term care, and community health (Lasater, 2007), for simulation evaluation with emergency situation such as asthma, competency evaluation in clinical decision making should be undertaken. It is reported in both the nursing and medical literature (Edwards, 2007; Ottestad, Boulet, Lighthall, 2007) that real-time observation may be necessary to appropriately evaluate clinical decision making because it can reveal contextual and communication factors that may not otherwise be uncovered. Furthermore, to enhance the effectiveness of simulations in nursing education, a reliable and valid evaluation instrument is needed to measure students’ performance. Asthma mostly leads to emergency conditions because it shows spasmodic respiratory relapses and unpredictable occurrences. Especially, if asthma continues for a long time, it can progress into chronic lung disease and patient can experience suffering (Ko et al., 2010). Therefore it has to be considered as first priority problem in nursing care and nursing students must be prepared to provide emergency nursing care with high-fidelity simulation experiences for caring patients with asthma. Accordingly, simulation modules may help to provide a comprehensive understanding of asthma and asthma management. The purpose of this article are ; (a) to develop a scenario for patients with asthma for simulation education of nursing students, (b) to develop the evaluation checklist, and (c) to evaluate students’ performances. METHODS Design This study is a methodological study to evaluate students’ performance according to developing and applying of simulation scenario for patients with asthma in emergency units. Context and Participants The study was conducted at a regional school of nursing that offers a Bachelor of Nursing program in South Korea. In 2013, following ethics approval, third year (N=112) nursing students undertaking their first simulated learning experience were informed about the study. Total participants were divided 28 groups and the member of each group was 4 students (the role of doctor, nurse1, nurse2, family). The allocation of team and participants` role was assigned by randomization. The participants ages ranged from 20 to 24 years. The majority of students (88.9%) were women. Development process of asthma scenario with algorithm and evaluation checklist nursing journals (Poirier et al., 2000; Sarrell et al., 2002; Walsh et al. 2006). Issues included signs and symptoms of dyspnea, coughing with sputum, and anxiety related to the validity of the simulation evaluation by expert review. This scenario was based on a real dyspnea case with asthma that had occurred in emergency center of general hospital. To evaluate student performance in simulation, a team of researcher developed a template of an evaluation tool to include key elements from simulation course objectives. The following three main contents were identified: patient safety (infection control and error identification), communication, and critical thinking related to patient assessment, problem identification with nursing diagnosis, and intervention with evaluation. The items of evaluation checklists were selected, reviewed, and analyzed by 9 expert panel including 2 internal medicine doctors, 3 emergency center nurses, and 4 nursing educators. All items of checklist include a core set of key behaviors expected in this simulation course. The evaluation checklist based on three main contents (patient safety, communication and critical thinking) was formulated according to nursing process Finally, 4 items were deleted and 24 items reached by consensus (Table 1). The preparation subdomain consisted of three checkpoints, while the assessment subdomain was divided into seven checkpoints. Three nursing problems were included in the problem identification subdomain. The intervention with evaluations subdomain consisted of eleven checkpoints (Table 1). The evaluation checklist score was based on a 3-point Likert scale (1: not fulfill, 2: partially fulfill, 3: fulfill). The higher the evaluation checklist score, the higher the performance rating. Content validity is an important part of scale development because the results gained from an instrument with high representative nature are more reliable (Waltz Bausell, 1981). Content Validity Index (CVI) is a commonly used indicator of scale validity and in particular content validity. A content validity test was conducted with 10 nurses who worked in a medical-surgical unit in one of the three general hospitals sampled; each had at least three years of experience in the unit. According to Lynn (1986), an expert panel ideally includes about ten people. Each expert checked validity using the 4-point Likert scale; 1 means ‘not validate at al’, 2 means ‘not validate’, 3 means ‘validate’ and 4 means ‘very validate’. There were 24 items in total; the mean score of each item ranged from 3.30 to 3.90. The results of the Content Validity Index were above 80% (Waltz Bausell, 1981). Data collection A 20 minute scenario requiring students to use their clinical reasoning ability to identify and respond to a deteriorating ‘patient’ with asthma was presented. Four nursing students were engaged in the simulation at the same time. One operator and one instructor observed the simulations from the control room. Evaluators had simulation exercise for conformity degree of evaluation using two group students selected for evaluation practice. The evaluation of students’ performance was completed two times, immediately following simulation practice and reviewing of video-recording by two instructors. For accurate evaluation, evaluators rechecked and discussed item by item to decrease evaluation bias replaying video. Their performance was evaluated as a group. Data analysis method Collected data were analyzed using SPSS 18.0 for Windows (SPSS Inc, Chicago, IL) to calculate descriptive and t-test statistics for the evaluation checklist. RESULTS Algorithm with a scenario of simulation-based asthma management The simulation-based asthma scenario in this study was developed to identify and solve patient’s problems applying nursing skills and utilizing critical thinking. Development of this scenario was based on a real dyspnea case with asthma that had occurred in an emergency center. 1. Learning objective Learning objectives were formulated as follows: Explain pathophysiology of asthma Assessment of asthma patient Explain medication and effects of asthma drug Identified nursing diagnosis based on critical thinking Effectively communicate with the patient and colleague Implementation of evidenced based adequate nursing interventions 2. Development of a simulation-based asthma scenario The contents of scenario based on four steps was formulated; preparation, assessment, problem identification, interventions and evaluation. The preparation subdomain was consisted of the preparation content that should be cared for patients who admitted to emergency unit. The assessment subdomain were included in check the chief complaint, identify symptom related to chief complaint (dyspnea pattern, cyanosis, delayed expiration, pallor, color of mucus membrane, check SpO2, identify vital signs, auscultate respiratory sounds, check EKG rhythm with cardiorespiratory monitoring equipment), and identify past history. Problem identification subdomain organized that student can be present nursing diagnosis related to asthma; 1) Ineffective airway clearance related to excessive secretion, 2) Ineffective breathing pattern related to airway obstruction, 3) Anxiety related to dyspnea. Intervention and evaluation were organized focusing on the nursing process for dyspnea care(high fowler`s position), encourage of deep breathing (pursed-lip breathing, abdominal breathing), notify doctor and receive treatment order, administration of O2 and medication, nursing care for dyspnea control(drainage sputum with coughing), reassess patient`s condition(vital signs repeatedly, SaO2, EKG monitoring, respiratory status, physical examination, , SpO2, ABGA), educate coping behavior when symptoms are aggravated(deep breathing, coughing, drinking water, and aging nurses), support patient and family with therapeutic communication(explain easy, listening, relieve anxiety, communicate clearly with peers), arrange materials and instruments and wash hands, and record the nursing implementations. 3. Development of algorithm The algorithm proceeded as follows: patient safety (Step 1) and critical thinking and communication(Step 2)(Figure 1). Evaluation checklist The evaluation checklist consisted of four subdomains based on nursing processes: preparation, assessment, problem identification, intervention, and evaluations. The mean score of each subdomain is shown in Table 1. Table 1. Means of Items of Developed Evaluation Checklist The total mean score of the evaluation checklist was 2.39 ( ± .15). The mean score of each subdomain was as follows: preparation 2.05( ±.49), assessment 2.52 ( ± .33); problem identification 2.74 ( ± .33); intervention and evaluation 2.22 ( ± .30). The interobserver reliability between evaluators (Cohen`s Kappa score) was 0.949 % and there were no statistical significant differences among each item. The evaluation of students’ performance In the subdomain of preparation, students showed the highest mean score in the item ‘identify patient by name care and asking’ (2.46 ±.54) while the lowest item was ‘introducing self to the patient his/her parent(s)’ (1.68 ±.86). In the subdomain of assessment, the strong practice areas that student was well done were ‘identify vital signs’ (2.93 ±.26) while the lowest mean score was ‘auscultate respiratory sounds’ (2.11 ±.73). In the subdomain of problem identification, the highest mean score was ‘ineffective breathing pattern related to airway obstruction’ (2.93 ±.83) while the lowest mean score was ‘ineffective airway clearance related to excessive secretion’ (2.55 ±.74). In the subdomain of interventions and evaluations, the highest mean score was ‘notify doctor and receive treatment order if needed’ while the lowest mean score was ‘educate coping behaviors when symptoms are aggravated’ (1.93 ±.60). DISCUSSION In this study, the contents of simulation was formulated with asthma situation which is the most high frequency and required nursing care with education to improve an appropriate coping ability of nursing students. For this, the 3rd year students who have experienced only theoretical learning about respiratory care were selected to identify clinical performance ability according to learning objectives. So, the contents of scenario in this study was focused to achieve clinical performance ability of nursing students with three main contents (patient safety, communication and critical thinking) There are few studies which was dealt with respiratory problem. A simulation scenario for emergency care of patients with dyspnea used by Hur Park (2012) included only contents to train theoretical education as the nursing process. In case of other research dealing with simulation case for patients with asthma in emergency units (Ko et al, 2010), the contents of scenario was formulated into five categories as follows: problem recognition, focused assessment, nursing diagnosis, intervention and problem resolution. However, there was a limitation about testing clinical performance ability. We suggest that three domains and contents of a scenario developed in this study are more suitable to improve students’ clinical performance. Lindsay(2010) suggest that measuring the performance of nursing care directly is more effective than using psychological variables as testing the effect of simulation learning. The evaluation checklist used in this study was developed to examine students’ critical thinking as well as their knowledge and skills in proper nursing care and validated by expert panels. The evaluation domain, which fully implements high-fidelity simulations, offers information to nursing educators about students learning outcomes. The use of simulations to evaluate clinical ability provides a more direct correlation to actual clinical settings than other commonly used forms of evaluation. The evaluation indicated that the focus was on performance rather than learning. The studys evaluation checklist would also be a useful and established guide for nursing educators evaluating student performance through simulations. This checklist describes the overall evaluation process and clarifies the evaluations target subject and procedure. This encourages students to repeat checkpoint reviews, leading to the correction of earlier mistakes. The effect of reviewing past checkpoints cr eates an integrative, rather than a static learning experience (Reed, 2010). To test evaluation validity, the consensus between evaluators was identified and showed almost similar evaluation results with no statistical significant difference. In the domain of patient safety, students showed the highest mean score in the item ‘identify patient by name care and asking, while the lowest item was ‘introducing self to the patient his/her parent(s)’. This result implies that addressing to introduce oneself to patient before caring patients as a part of simulation education is necessary. The research (Kim et al., 2013) which was developed simulation-based fever management module and evaluated student performance showed that ‘introducing self to the patient his/her parent(s)’ was identified as the lower mean score among other evaluation items. These similar results suggest that noticing themselves to the patient is so important to protect patient’s safety. In the domain of critical thinking and communication, the strong practice areas that student was well done were ‘identify vital signs’ in assessment, ‘ineffective breathing pattern related to airway obstruction’ in problem identification, and ‘notify doctor receive treatment order if needed’ in interventions and evaluations. However the weak practice areas which education and practice will be needed were ‘auscultate respiratory sounds’ in assessment, ‘ineffective airway clearance related to excessive secretion’ in problem identification, ‘educate coping behaviors when symptoms are aggravated’ in interventions and evaluations. It is required that students needs high level practice of assessment and performance skill with critical thing. Jeffries (2005) suggests that simulation education through direct participation and prompt feedback is effective learning method to reinforce clinical performance ability. In this study, theoretical class and orientation about simulation situation was given before simulation practice to find more effective nursing intervention. As a next step, students could enhance the strong point and make up week areas in the process applying nursing care with direct participation. Based on this result, we suggest that integrated simulation approach after learning of theoretical knowledge and nursing skill training could be effective education method to improve clinical performance ability and critical thinking of nursing students. The study of Kim et al (2007) supports these aspects that simulation education is more effective than lecture focused on knowledge and simple skill practice i n acquisition clinical performance skill of nursing students. CONCLUSION This study could provide a clinical performance or starting point for educators who desire to introduce simulation as teaching-learning strategy with high-fidelity simulation experiences for caring patients with asthma. The results provide evidence to support the integration of simulation as an effective teaching strategy that helps to improve nursing students` safety, problem solving, and communication in applying clinical skills using evaluation checklist. Annotated Bibliography: Portrayal of Women in the Media Annotated Bibliography: Portrayal of Women in the Media Literature Review The last 20 years has been a steady increase in the number of women professionals, although most common in the media business, politics and the economy continues to rely on men as experts in. Mostly Women portrayal news stories about accidents, natural disasters, or domestic violence instead of their professional capabilities or proficiency. Women in politics are similarly sidelined. Canadian journalist Jenn Goddu analyzed newspaper and magazine 15 years on the treatment of three women’s lobby groups. She found that journalists likely more focus on the domestic issues of the politically participated woman’s life (such as their fashion, routine life and way of living and dealing) rather than her point on the issues. Pdf _______________________________________________-04 http://www.mediaawareness.ca/english/issues/stereotyping/index.cfm Arpita Sharma, studied the Portrayal of Women in Mass Media in India. He stated that Indian sate have a free and responsible press. He investigated the issue women were sold in Eluru of Andhra Pradesh that issue news published in 1998. On such kinds of incidents he found two major aspects. One is women still only sold and purchased and unwanted away if you cursed suffer discrimination and degrading of women in various parts of the country may be a reflection of goods is considered one of the eateries. Second, but only a few sensational newspapers flashed on issues, emphasizes the role of the media in public construction. Usually, it is determined the place in the newspaper. He added that in India a few newspapers are running women’s page that represents the beauty tips, recipes and fashion. He also studied the womens magazines seek constantly to lead the feminine energies in narrow channels and define their concerns, concerns and aspirations within imposed arbitrarily framework of womens work. Apart from the looks and dresses stress it comes to the development of the mental faculties and the behavior in a way that they can fit into womens male dominated social structure. He studied the structure of the stories in magazines and described that women are described with the ambition of life get a straight man and his retention at all costs. The media advocacy group studied, the womens and mens news and current affair programs (1994) they stated that women have traditionally been associated with areas limited relationship programs. Even those women call their exterior prettified setting; can be seen to give their views on topics related to home and family. In conclusion words, Sharma says that Media in India not to discuss serious issues related to women and womens roles in society is equal to its own rights and makes a sufficient effort to ready to play. To change this situation, the benefits and disadvantages of the bride and the media constantly monitor is required. Arpita, Portrayal of Women in Mass Media The news media is changing to reflect their increasing womens representation in political status as elected representatives and community participation and and New Zealand national policy is clear. But it does not mean that the old adage applies better. Every day on television, radio broadcasts and print media increased visibility of women, in politics, structural, systematic gendering. This time, however, Women themselves with tolerance, gendering of tolerance and the representation of women in politics sexist media feeds. The media does not reflect the truth in politics or outdated, the ladies sexist images and words and concepts are mired in the private sphere about womens place (van Acker, 1999). New Zealand while on top of the world in terms of womens political resources are represented as instances of the trivialisation and condemnation, and continue to occur, in some cases, trivial media portrayals of women employed by the public relations strategies for political gain. I would suggest. Neglect, in its original form, dotted with high-profile women in the contemporary political scene, but the evidence is less relevant to the concept of womens perspectives, is still in some places is omitted. Journalism educators in the 21st century in terms of visibility/invisibility of gender theory, news and media, you must reboot for the quality of less represented. Susan Fountaine, Judy McGregor, Reconstructing gender for the 21st century: News media framing of political women in New Zealand With more than 50 State Capitol Hill each year representing the women, many women politicians have noted that the same treatment is not allowed, such as media men. In a study of women politicians on the news focuses on character traits and its policy more arguments less than male colleagues for that. 03. News coverage of female politicians focuses on personality, males on the issues Date: July 3, 2013, Source: SAGE Publications Dunaway et. al studied the Traits versus Issues: How Female Candidates Shape Coverage of Senate and Gubernatorial Races, in the State Elections of 2006 and 2008 elections, approximately 10,000 newspaper articles covering the data collected across the USA. The study authors Dunaway et. al, the focus in terms of the [political] stated that the net change between the races. The previous literature and their own expectations, in General, women candidates are racing against male races more likely the property feature stories. They found that Only 6% of the time and the character traits to choose coverage problems% 34.5 time, male-female issues from time to time the races, properties,% 10.8% focused on articles and only male selections, 33.0 character properties is focused on the issues from time to time,% 9.4% 32.1 found stories stories. The researchers concluded that, personal characteristics and properties of the candidates with a more focused news races women candidates and finding the Governor campaigns especially stark. J. Dunaway, R. G. Lawrence, M. Rose, C. R. Weber.Traits versus Issues: How Female Candidates Shape Coverage of Senate and Gubernatorial Races. Political Research Quarterly, 2013; DOI:10.1177/1065912913491464 In nature, this paper adopted the content analysis method. This did it begins with the small Big Naira Kobo, entrepreneurship is a leading national newspaper in Nigeria, a property of the column to explore womens participating in the media frame Because he was selected to work in the newspaper business desk signature page column. Analysis, paper print media framing, enhancing their socio-economic empowerment for Women Entrepreneurship is important for the world as a tool that can serve as the finish. Therefore, the Mission of becoming a real instrument of social change punch newspaper to fulfill this while maintaining his begins with the small Big Naira Kobo column property of the positive image you will have to increase the numerical quota framework womens characterization, frame. To the extent that these are three of the four women featured in the successful entrepreneur, the punch is acting as a complementary agency of women empowerment, Women womens ability to use their own aspects of the control is defined while they participate in the way of effective group work for social change. Samuel Okere, Justina Sam-Okere, Print Media Framing of Women in Entrepreneurship: Prospects for Women Empowerment IOSR Journal Of Humanities And Social Science (IOSR-JHSS) Volume 9, Issue 6 (Mar. Apr. 2013), PP 31-38 e-ISSN: 2279-0837, p-ISSN: 2279-0845. The depiction of women in the Indian media, its just a bad time is rude. Newspapers to give news about rape, crime, politics, scandals, sports and Economy, serious discussions and debates on womens issues in General is completely missing. Local media reported the woman Gets a share of only pages where the colorful portrayal of a lot of players in the TV serial or movie stars, as well as some of the warm welcome, and pin-up about the grapevine. The British press, hot babes snaps and party-Mania lives on the provision of very erotic Photo Gallery star hotels. Even sports stars are a way of depicting their physical attraction photos. The woman in the Indian media, be it Movies, TV series, news, media, Visual advertising, or modernized traditional media, social science research and studies of people indeed for a space is a big concern. Some studies have found women (status and equality of opportunity) the inevitable social issues related to the sensational stories of crime stories in the newspapers about women with less than nine percent between 52 to 63 percent. (Nitin Jugran Bahuguna) Dr. Sanjeev K. Sharma Depiction of Women in Indian Media- A Case of Introspection for Media Planners. Published in Samaj Vigyan Shodh Patrika, Amroha, Vol. I, No.1, April-Sep.2005, pp.32-36 Grant (2013) argued that analysts tend to think in terms of two broad categories: visibility, reporting and quality. How much a person shows the visibility or discussed, and how important is placed in a newspaper or news broadcast coverage. Women election participants from time to time get a lot of news coverage due to their novelty value because they associate with powerful man, as in the case of Chow, who married with former NDP leader Jack Layton is mentioned in every newspaper stories according to Grant analyses of coverage of the 2006 Canadian federal election. Such kind of women coverage portrayal women as different because of their sex, likely norm of as the men view however, it is not clear that it would be a direct electoral drawback for women. In fact, depending on the quality of the coverage more coverage may be useful for candidates. Grant also found in his study that important issue ofhowmen and women news story are covered differently. He stated that coverage of female candidates usually fall under the four categories; sex object, mother, pet, and iron maiden, each of which is equal to the representation of women in politics more generally, as well as for the danger of gender equality. However, Iron Maiden is another popular and at the same time, the male toughness while unfeminine implicitly criticized the women candidates is my discovery book news, intruder behavior with exaggerated. This news depiction of women politicians, aggressive behavior is actually harmful to the voter may be to find the book for the evaluation. He concluded that when a woman goes on the distasteful, voters’ evolutes her news stories more negatively, and a result that was not produced for her male comparators in this portion of the study. The general attitude and reporting directly link between news media under the cross-hairs of women assessing the political. Grant. G, Elizabeth News Media Coverage of Elections Contributes to Women’s Political Under-Representation 2013 http://womensuffrage.org/?p=22202 The study focused on womens issues related to the Newspapers by the welcome. The two daily newspapers in Hindi, Amar Ujala Jagran Danik is taken to work and . Both papers published and in Dehradun (capital of Uttarakhand state) circulation of Uttarakhand. Researcher analyized the newspapers about equality womens issues such as Health, education, sexual harassment, violence against women, police brutality and crime-related issues. All kinds of printed material on these issues articles, news, analysis, opinions, Editor, the letter was taken for analysis as a separate column, and etc. the year 2006 was selected to examine the contents of the newspaper. Newspapers are less indicates that the percentage of womens issues. Usually, the newspaper is a good place for an eye-catching image of women in the news; property, or ads. Womens issues in terms of sexual harassment such as more coverage to violence, crime and police brutality than the equality health, education, health coverage. The newspapers give a high rate of sexual abuse against women, developmental problems and other issues less coverage than this issue. The analysis also indicates that the given space vs. equality, health, womens education, as well as other topics to Newspapers by negligible. The newspaper society in a changing world does not provide a balanced picture of womens diverse lives and contributions to the data. He concluded that participation, representation and advancement of women in the media and its impact on access and use, and as a tool for empowerment of women. Dr Vandana Nautiyal Mr Jitendra Dabral WOMEN ISSUES IN NEWSPAPERS OF UTTARAKHAND Global Media Journal – Indian Edition/ISSN 2249-5835 , Summer Issue / June 2012 Vol. 3/No.1 Women in the absence of mass circulation Urdu language newspaper in a way that is evident in the senior ranks, in addition to smaller circulation in shaping social attitudes which the province plays a very important role in the regional press. Independent press, but applications of self-censorship and ethics, the outlook varies according to demand and audience made the newspapers. For example, while some shun the violence and disregard for others are projecting to highlight the needs of the people. The main concern in a way that the projection of women. Even while direct damage, this time the female victim, rape, wife-beating and humiliation of names through print, photo or both, always hinted at this without the permission of their privacy by. Objections to grow poor especially disadvantaged and often â€Å"made outcast. References Butt Mourion (1996) studied the portrayal of women in general press, is practically non-existent with the exception of magazine sections and limited news. The Womens lack of realism in private press and exhibits extreme offers the sad situations with fantasizing or is over-whelming portrayal. In addition, the scope of women in rural production, womens education, health, etc. is your own level of performance compared to the low level. The woman seems to be unaware of the needs of communities, and the private press skill does not address the various layers in a positive direction, whereby, in a variety of trades and social assistance programs is displayed, and a comprehensive and realistic way to portray positive women taught in different areas of our society contributes to this by the media projected us and women real projection would be a turning point for the progress and development of Women in the country. Butt, A. G. Mourion (1996). Portrayal of Women in the Communication Media, Lahore: Pakistan Women’s Institute. Gibbons (2006), in her latest study of women in journalism, found that women continue to be the breaking and making news away from the second sex. Radio, television and newspaper content on the same day, a full day after 76 countries that ignore the issues and resources for underrepresented and sometimes downright notice, regardless of the medium also commented. Women outnumber men as newsmakers in single big news. The effect of gender-based violence, intense women even stories like inserts; the judge is the voice of a man. This report, women second class status, grossly, and in general the judge reveals. Gibbons, S. (2006) â€Å"Womens Lowly News Status Is a Global Insult† Women News, Run Date: 02/22/06, http://www.womensenews.org/article.cfm?aid=2646, Retrieved on 19th July, 2006 Tiongson (1999), presented an outline of Isis International-Manila, Violence against Women in Media, a media pack, March 1998. She said that the depiction of women in the media that the victims, nurturing, selfless, obedient, and dependent, his mother and his wife, being heterosexual, sex-object, whore, mistress in Asia – the characteristic was consistent, she said and also contributing to the development process, many women workers, farmers and professionals. To make matters worse, some members of the media tend to the efforts of womens organizations or alleviate the cartoon. News womens visibility is often sensational stories, rape, sexual harassment, domestic violence and other violence-related. She further assumed that Asian media stereotypes, inaccurate and Biased media portrayal of women persistent content and pictures of stereotypical and traditional roles of women, thus perpetuating patriarchal and sexist gender identities, and to strengthen the relationships between men and women. Constant negative portrayal of women and freedom of expression in print, broadcast and Film screening has become a license for. This is an insult to womens portrayal of the nature of, in fact, its hard to pinpoint in the last few years has been more subtle and insidious.

This Boys Life Essay -- Literature Life Decisions Relationships Essay

Dwight and Caroline’s relationship can be characterized into three stages. From its inception Jack and Caroline had a relationship based on infatuation alone. Their relationship consisted of passion alone for each other. Caroline was sexually attracted to Dwight, as was he to her. Caroline was infatuated with the person Dwight appeared to be. She was turned on that he was nice and charming and knew how to treat a woman. When they first began to go out Caroline adored the fact that he brought her flowers. Dwight was simply interested in Caroline for what she had to offer him. The passion alone is what got him to that level. Soon after their relationship developed into a Fatuous Love. In the beginning of the marriage the couple’s relationship had been based on passion and commitment. Both were still physically and sexually attracted to each other but the role of commitment came into play as well. Dwight needed a female figure in the home to do his chores, such as cook hi s dinner and clean his house, as well as a mother-like figure for his children. Caroline needed to settle down and start her life over. She was tired of always being on the run, and Dwight brought as sense of security and stability into her life. She also needed a father for Jack. This may have driven her into the arms of Jack more than any other reason. Dwight had everything she was looking for in a father for Jack. He seemed caring, authoritarian, loving, and stable. Their relationship would continue to go on in this manner until the passion faded. This led to an Empty Love relationship. The commitment alone is what kept them together. They no longer had any real feelings of love fore one another. Dwight was simply with Caroline for the reason that she kept food on the table and kept his house clean. Caroline on the other hand was still with Dwight because she had no where else to turn as well as what Jack had to offer her son. Dwight was like a father figure to Jack, something th at Jack never had before and needed at this age because he was very impressionable. Caroline’s commitment, for the fact that he provided for them and supposedly was like a father to Jack kept her with Dwight. From the time Jack arrived in Seattle to the time he left for prep school Jack’s behaviors and life decisions were extrinsically and intrinsically motivated. Upon his arrival in Seattle with his mother Jac... ...e his life in Concrete would be wasted if he didn’t realize that this is his opportunity to leave. I would also tell Arthur that he can â€Å"succeed† and make it big because he’s a smart kid, and that he shouldn’t let his mind and talent go to waste, especially not in a crude town like Concrete. In a way I seized my chance when I made my decision to move to Danbury. Things weren’t going to well for me back in NY. I was hanging out with too many people from the wrong crowd, and that eventually put me in many uncomfortable situations. I was lagging behind in school and I kept getting into trouble. Had I stayed in NY I probably would be up to the same things now as I was before. I would be cutting school and causing my mother even more grief. Since I moved here I have brought up my grades and am preparing for the SAT’s. That is another thing I doubt I would be doing if I were in NY. Eleventh grade is the most important grade, and I knew I needed to do well if I wanted to go to a good college and make something o myself. The opportunity arose when my aunt moved here and I seized the chance. I’m glad I didn’t decide to stay, otherwise I would be wondering if I could have pulled it off.

Revolutionary Causes - USA Essay -- essays research papers

A number of issues raised tensions between the colonies and Great Britain. The already tense atmosphere was pushed even further with a number of taxes, acts and proclamations passed by Britain. These numerous acts usually dealt with taxes and other issues that came into conflict with the independent nature of the American colonists. No one issue was solely responsible for the eventual American Revolution. Though all of these added together raised the resentment to a boiling point and all contributed to the revolution. The harsh frontier life led to the independent and often stubborn nature of the American Colonists. This development of this unique colonial personality conflicted drastically with the norms of the British Empire. This cultural personality also led to the passionately independent and democratic political leanings of the young colonies. The end of the French Indian War left bitter tensions amongst the Native American tribes, Britain and the colonists. The Native tribes were understandably upset with the outcome of the French Indian War. The French had treated the natives fairly and in general, honestly as well. Furthermore they accepted and often adopted the dress or culture of the Natives. This was in contrast to the crooked dealings, corruption and arrogance the Native Americans encountered with the British. The British even denied the very humanity of the American Indian and were contemptuous of the Native culture. After the French were defeated the British continued to treat the Natives unfairly. The Natives were further angered when they were informed that there were now expected to be loyal subjects of a foreign king. With the French gone, even more colonist trickled into Indian lands. The colonists saw the land as a war prize and were eager to expand their settlements. More forts were consequently built to pr otect and regulate the frontier. The Native tribes were alarmed with the British domination and saw their land and culture slipping away. This tension amongst the tribes led to a resurgence of Native culture. A movement embracing the fundamentals of Native traditions that rejected the western culture gained ground. Pontiac, a chief and great orator used his influence to build alliance and untied fellow tribes against the British. The Native Americans launched a bloody war, conquering at least eight British forts. This conflict was ca... ...sidences. These acts were seen as a great intrusion to the colonists. They resented the invasiveness of the acts as well as the financial burdens. This issue was even mentioned in the Declaration of Independence as a point of contention and oppression. New York led the resistance to the Quartering acts. As the British commander?s headquarters, the New York colony argued it carried an unfair portion of the financial burden. The colony initially protested and limited the services and goods it was willing to provide. The defiance increased until December of 1766 when New York refused to honor any of the Quartering Acts. Predictably Britain retaliated. The issue was eventually settled though not to any side?s full satisfaction.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  British and colonial relations were never perfect and they seriously and quickly deteriorated in the years after 1763. In the Declaration of Independence the colonists pointed to issues such as the quartering of troops and unrepresented taxation among the key issues leading to the declaration. All of these issues as well as the very nature and personality of the American colonists resulted in the eventual war with Great Britain.

Niagara Falls :: essays research papers

Niagara Falls, one of the worlds greatest natural wonders, can only be described as breath taking. No matter what time of year, whether it’s the beautiful rainbows glistening in the mist, or the magnificent ice bridge created by the cold of winter, Niagara Falls always seems to amaze it’s viewers. Schoolbooks called it one of the greatest wonders of the world, bringing to mind pictures of a far away, unattainable place. It seemed like a larger-than-life miracle of nature. As a child, I believed that Niagara Falls, like Mt. Rushmore and the Grand Canyon were all very real attractions of the United States. I was given the facts and numbers, but never could my young mind comprehend the actual size and greatness of the falls.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  This past June, I was given the opportunity to travel to Canada and see the expansive falls with my own eyes. Perhaps the most amazing aspect of the falls is that they are not in some far away place in the country. They are right smack in the middle of a town, the town of Niagara Falls. As a child, I envisioned the falls as a giant rushing shower of water. However, I could never have imagined the great beauty and breathtaking view the falls offer.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The falls serve as a border between the U.S. (New York) and Canada (Ontario). The falls actually consist of the American Bridal Veil Falls and the Canadian Horseshoe Falls, collectively called Niagara. They were created 12,000 years ago when large glaciers retreated allowing the Niagara River to flow over large sections of rock. There are several ways to view the falls, but perhaps the best way to observe the splendor and majesty of Niagara Falls is through a tour. Our tour guide directed us through many of the unseen attractions including the man-made tunnels behind the falls. Here, several look-out points allowed us to observe the incredible speed at which the water rushed over the rock. The water flows at an amazing 212,000 cubic feet of water per second. We were also guided to the basin where the falls originated miles away. In fact, over the last 12,000 years, the falls have eroded back seven miles. The incredible history of the falls came to life when I actually viewed them with my own eyes. No schoolbook could possibly give an understanding of the vastness of the falls. Nor could a book bring to life the remarkable history behind this amazing wonder of nature.

Behaviors related to microeconomics concepts

Most of us have always wondered why this always happen when they visit a barber. This is just because of the economic concept. The cost of operations in shaving the beards is even more because more care is needed while shaving and different customers have different styles on how they it to be shaved. This wastes time and energy and to pay for this, the price has really to be high. The expenses that are incurred when perfuming this service is the same with that one that you will apply when performing other services and hence there is no reason whatsoever for its price being low.Another factor is the skill factor in that while shaving the beards, more skill is required and this is reflected in price. As much as in shaving the head any other barber can do it the beard shaving requires potential and qualified barbers and it is this that makes the prices improve upwards. (Perloff, M. J 1999) Why does it cost higher for a woman delivering in a private hospital than that one delivering in a government hospital? Most of the women who go in private hospitals are considered as working class.Although the services rendered may be the same as those in public hospital most of them will prefer going I n private hospitals because of their status. most of the consumers do consider social class as a factor while purchasing products or services in the market like if a dress is sold in the market at $8, and the same dress of the same quality from the same company is sold in a beauty mall at a price of $ 15, a consumer who considers herself as from high class will rather go for that dress in a shopping mall than that one in the market because she tends to think that her status does not allow her to purchase in markets.In fact producers take this as opportunities that they think should be utilized and increase prices in high class shops and reduce in low class shops to just increase the total sales in their organization. The doctors on the other hand, will want to serve more clients within a short time to increase their portfolio income but affect the customers by attending more in less time. The real money in a consumer’s portfolio is the one that will determine where he should seek his service. It is actually this factor that determine where and what a consumer should purchase depending on his capability to pay for the services rendered.That is why high qualified doctors can decide to open their own clinic that will cater for another class of people thus serving the needs of most of the consumers in the market. In today’s market, the key point is actually identifying the need of the customer and fulfilling it. (Mas-Colell. A. et al 1995). Why are veils quite expensive in US than in Saudi Arabia? If there are so many customers in Saudi Arabia who need to purchase this commodity, then how come it is still cheap there yet the demand is also high! The prices should have actually gone up to cut down on the demand .This is not the case because of thi s culture factor that most organizations need to consider. Most of the people in Saudi Arabia are Muslims and thus most of them need veil as a requirement because of their faiths. This is unlike the customers us who may be assumed as just those who want it for luxury. The way the veil is taken as a cloth required during the worship is not the way it will be taken in the US market hence the prices will probably go high. Culture being important in the consumer behavior has a real impact in any organization.If a customer perceives that a certain commodity is the best however much it may tend to be expensive, a customer will sacrifice and ay the premium price for this commodity than purchasing another commodity that he has no confidence with it. (Pindyck, R. et al, 2004) Bibliography Mas-Colell. A. et al (1995), Microeconomics Theory, Oxford University Press Perloff, M. J (1999), Microeconomics: Incentives in an Imperfect World, Addison-Wesley Longman. Pindyck, R. et al, (2004), Microec onomics, Pearson Prentice hall

Melting Point Lab OC

The bob]active of the Melting Point Lab was to learn the technique of melting point determination. Also, to discover the identity of an unknown compound from using the mixed melting point method. Introduction: The range of temperatures between the temperature at which the first crystal Just stats to melt and the temperature at which the last crystal disappears Is known as a melting point. There are two many reasons that melting points provided us. The first purpose is to regulate the purity off substance.And the second purpose is to determine the identity off material. Melting points are frequently used to establish f the correct compound has been acquired. When performed correctly, the precision of any melting point should be +ICC when related to the literature values; allowing for variations In the PM due to experimental error. A mixed compound can also be supported. A mixed melting point is one were a compound is mixed with additional substance and the PM determined. If the sample s melt at the same time, resulting that the samples are identical.However, if the samples are not the same, the mixture will melt below the +30 C allowed error range and over a wider range (greater than 30 C). This Is the technique that Is used o determine the unknown compound in this laboratory While performing this lab, there are two principle sources of experimental error in determining melting points. Thermometer error is one, and this is a source of error one cannot control. As a result, this is not usually worried about. Human error is the other error than can happen.Human error Is mostly mechanical error that is direct result of how one does things. An error specific to the Melting Point Lab Is the packing of the capillary tube. If too much solid Is placed In the tube, It will take a very long time to melt, resulting in higher temperatures recorded. Leading one to â€Å"false range†, as a result lead one to the incorrect conclusion about the melting point and purity. T he second source of mechanical error that can be seen in this laboratory is rate heating. If too much heat Is applied, the mercury rises quickly, again giving a false range.Set the Mel-Temp to heat up to a temperature below the melting points of both compounds and to heat up at what ever interval works best for the experiment (60 degrees C) and an interval of 10 degrees a minute was recommended) D. Once the Mel-Temp has reached the temperature you set place the tube containing the vanilla in the middle slot of the machine E. Record the temperature at the first sight of liquid and again when the compound is completely melted F. Repeat the same procedure for the aspirin and the 50:50 mix Ill.Procedure of Part Two A. Obtain an unknown substance (substance B) B. Pack a capillary tube with the unknown substance and place it in the Mel-Temp machine. Following the same procedure as you did with the vanilla, aspirin, and 50:50 mix; recording the temperature at the first appearance of liquid and once the compound has completely melted C. Once the melting point has been found (114 degrees C), refer to the chart provided in the lab manual to see what the possibilities or the unknown compound are (Actinide or Fluorine) D.Choose one of the possible compounds to repeat the experiment with the chosen compound and a 50:50 mix of the known and unknown (Fluorine) E. If the melting point of all three tubes is the same you chose the correct compound, if the melting point was significantly lower it was the other compound that was listed as an option Results and Conclusion: The substance we obtained was Unknown B. After packing a melting point tube with Unknown B, we determined the melting point by placing the capillary tube in the Mel-Temp. Unknown Bi's melting point was 114 C.From the list of possible unknown compounds, we looked at the initial melting point, which was 114 C and choose to mix it with Fluorine, whose melting point was also 114 C. After performing a 50:50 mixture o f the unknown and known compounds, we were able to define that unknown B was Actinide. We were able to establish this because after mixing the unknown and the known, the melting point was lower, 98 C. Since the melting point was lower, we were able to conclude that two compounds were mixed; as a result unknown B was Actinide.

How does Steinbeck present the American Dream in ‘Of Mice And Men’ Essay

The American Dream is the term used for the dream that all American people share particularly during The Grate Depression. It could be argued that all the characters in the novel share this dream. The American Dream was a dream that nearly everyone had throughout the twentieth century. It was hope for a better life and people believed strongly that it would come true. The main characters in ‘Of Mice & Men’ have a dream which was to get a plot of land and live on it and become self-sufficient. The American Dream was not an achievable goal for many people. Steinbeck shows this failure through the characters of Lennie & George. We first heard about The American Dream when Lennie and George were sitting by the river at the beginning of the book. Their dream was one of independence. Workers like Lennie and George had no family, no home, and very little control over their lives. They had to do what the boss tells them and they had little to show for it. They only own what they can carry. Therefore, this idea of having such power over their lives is a strong motivation. The dream was a hope that every, rancher had an opportunity for a better life. Lennie and George, the two main characters, had such a dream, â€Å"Some day were gonna get a little place and a couple of acres†. The idea was to get a piece of land, grow crops and have an improved life there. They also new exactly what they were aiming for and what they wanted. Because of the World Depression at the time this dream seemed non-realistic, as no one had any money and people were struggling to get jobs. They all thought the dream would provide them with a better life, more money and a sense as belonging. The dream gave them a feeling of happiness and hope. The dream was also used as a source of comfort, Lennie would craftily use the dream to comfort George when he was angered, and George would bribe Lennie with the dream ‘But you ain’t gonna get in to no trouble, because if you do, I wont let you tend the rabbits.’ Later on in the story Candy joins in with the dream, this makes the dream seem more realistic, instead of just fooling themselves. This gives candy freedom and hope because without a job he would have no future. Apart from that he has all the same reasons as George and Lennie to want a ranch, (hope, success, happiness etc). Curly’s wife also tells us about her dream in the book. Her dream is different to the ranch workers; he dream is a typical woman’s dream to become famous in the movies. This was really all the women could do at the time, she was hoping for glamour and attention, to improve her status and have some independence. The reason for wanting the dream seems the same for everyone in the book even though they are different ‘types’ of people. We know that the dream is not realistic because crooks tells us and we believe crooks because he’s intelligent. We know this because in the description of his room it is said that he has books on his shelves. Crooks also tells us about his dream in the story and it practically identical to the others dreams. When Whit brings in the pulp magazine with the letter written by Bill Tenner, the men are all very impressed. They are not certain that Bill wrote the letter, but Whit is convinced he did, and tries to convince the others. In the transient life of these workers, it is rare to leave any kind of permanent mark on the world. In this letter Bill Tenner has achieved some of the immortality the other men cannot imagine for themselves. I think this upsets the workers a bit and makes them long for their dreams to come true even more In the conclusion of the story everyone’s dreams have been shattered. The dream is ported as a brutal struggle. And in impossible goal to achieve, this is showed in all characters but most in the two characters Lennie and George.

Work Breakdown Structure

Work Breakdown Structure In project management a hierarchical delivery oriented breakdown of project into individual components is called as work breakdown structure (WBS). WBS decomposes project into individual functions, deliverables and work packages that facilitates resource allocation, assignment of responsibilities, and measurement and control of the project. Block Diagram explains the Work Breakdown Structure: Design Principle for WBS: The design principles for WBS are as following: * 100% Rule:The 100% rule principle guides the development, decomposition and evaluation of the WBS. The 100% rule states that the WBS includes 100% of the work defined by the project scope and captures all deliverables of the work to be completed, including project management. * Mutually exclusive elements: In addition to the 100% rule, the individual elements of WBS should be mutually exclusive of each other in their definition, in order to avoid mis-communication between elements and confusion r egarding project cost accounting.WBS dictionary is used for the purpose of avoiding ambiguity and clarifying the distinctions between WBS elements. * Level of detail : Level of detail help in determining the end point for division of work necessary to produce a deliverable defined by the WBS. There are several â€Å"rules of thumb† used for determining duration of an activity necessary to produce a specific deliverable defined by the WBS. * Terminal element: A terminal element is the lowest element in a work breakdown structure that is estimated in terms of resource requirements, budget and duration.Work packages are established at the juncture of WBS elements based on which the project performance is planned and controlled. Steps for Creating a WBS: 1. Define the project’s end product. It forms the root of the Work Breakdown Structure document. 2. Define the main deliverables which are the main components of the project’s end product. These become sections or à ¢â‚¬Ëœmain branches’ under the root, defined in the previous step. 3.Break down the main deliverables into their sub-components using as many sub-branches as needed until you have manageable ‘units of work’ which do not need to be subdivided further. These units of work should be of a size that the project manager can easily handle. WBS for a Software Project Misconception about WBS: ? WBS is not an exhaustive list of work. It is instead a comprehensive classification of project scope. ? WBS is not as project plan as it only specifies what will be done, not how or when. WBS is not an organizational hierarchy, although it may be used when assigning responsibilities. Advantages of WBS: The work breakdown structure is the foundation of project planning, hence it is developed before dependencies are identified and activity durations are estimated The work breakdown structure provides a common framework for the natural development of the overall planning and control o f a contract and is the basis for dividing work into definable increments. A work breakdown structure permits summing of subordinate costs for tasks into their successively higher level â€Å"parent† tasks. Work Breakdown Structure In order to organized processes in an organization there are many ways how to achieve it, there can be either improving the internal human resource management or it can be improving customer management. But doing these has to have some tools to use in order to better implement the processes in a way it could really be followed effectively and efficiently and one of the common tool is WBS (Work Breakdown Structure). Work breakdown structure is a way for each processes be represented by components and how it should be operated in a proper order. In this paper the case to be use is constructing a simple WBS where it could to define the constituent activities for the project, including design, cutting, purchasing, measuring, testing, sewing, marketing and so on, where the marketing department of the company was task to unveil a new line of leather chairs in the company’s 10th year anniversary. In applying WBS, it should apply the different approaches of WBS: top-down, bottom-up, analogy and mind mapping. And lastly, it should answer the questions that are provided in this case. Starting with the first approach, using the most common top-down approach, below you can see the generated component identified for this case. (See Figure 1). Figure 1. Top-Down Approach In the given top down approach above, you can see that it shows a detailed representation of high level components in the second row down to its sub level components in each at the third row. Counterpart presentation to this is the bottom up approach. (See Figure 2). Figure 1. Bottom up Approach For the third approach, which is analogy approach of WBS, it is where each component are presented whether through the help of a bottom up or top down diagram identifying the component or components that need deep analysis and study in order to achieve effective process. Analyzing the case in this paper a more focus on study components includes: building design component and product marketing. This means the success for this project is to have better and effective design. Design that well fit to its desired customers, but, this alone would not be the only one, it should also has top provide an effective marketing plan for this product to be viable in the market which will be the greatest gauge of success for this project. Lastly, in terms of mind mapping, this approach deals with two separate main tasks which need to be identified by managers on the list of components. The two tasks are known as: Mutually exclusive and exhaustive. Following the example in Figure 2, the exclusive components includes: Construction and Budget allocation, these components are considered to be exclusive and does not need to interact with other components. While the components that are identified exhaustive or needs more focus and details are: Building design, purchasing raw materials and product marketing. These components needs extra care and details to succeed in effectively performing these tasks. In answering the questions involved in this case, starting with what approach made more sense, this is actually mind mapping approach, because what makes this more effective is that it segregates tasks that needs better attention and more details and also identifying exclusive ones which can work its own separately. This approach helps managers easily identify the critical path of the projects. Also, these approaches also identifies to be the more challenging of all since managers need to be critical in identifying these tasks and further identify what better actions need to take and even what risks it may have in order to implement each and every components. I personally prefer mind mapping because it helps managers or anyone to be more analytic in identifying each components needed for any projects. Lastly, WBS is a success to any project because it helps managers specifically in performing the processes needed for any projects and from that point it could simply identify what critical areas need to have extra attention in order to achieve effective and efficient results for the project. (Baliton, L. , n. d. )